Epistemological pluralism

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Epistemological_anarchism/8MUcW9p8">Epistemological anarchism</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Interdisciplinarity/HP0uaNUs">Interdisciplinarity</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Methodological_individualism/gzTj1aB9">Methodological individualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Multimethodology/1QKpIj8G">Multimethodology</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Trichotomy_(philosophy)/UmrWG7ot">Trichotomy (philosophy)</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/VPEC-T/AIQ0N0BJ">VPEC-T</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li>Jordi Cat (May 16, 2013). <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-unity/#EpiUni">"The Unity of Science"</a>. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). The Unity of Science: Epistemological unities. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2013 Edition). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.</li>
<li>William A. Gorton (August 31, 2010). <a href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/soc-sci/#H5">"The philosophy of social science: §5 – Methodological pluralism"</a>. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</li>
<li>David Fideler (2000). <a href="http://davidfideler.net/files/epistemological-pluralism.pdf">"Science's missing half: Epistemological pluralism and the search for an inclusive cosmology"</a> (PDF). Alexandria 5: The Journal of Western Cosmological Traditions. Phanes Press. p. 41 ff. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1890482756.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Stephen H Kellert; Helen E Longino; C Kenneth Waters (2006). "Introduction: The pluralist stance" (PDF). Scientific pluralism; volume XIX in Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science. The University of Minnesota Press. p. vii. ISBN 978-0-8166-4763-7. <a href="978-0-8166-4763-7" target="_blank">978-0-8166-4763-7</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Jonathan Schaffer (2009). "Chapter 12: On what grounds what" (PDF). In David Chalmers; David Manley; Ryan Wasserman (eds.). Metametaphysics: New Essays on the Foundations of Ontology. Oxford University Press. pp. 57–83. ISBN 978-0199546046. Metaphysics so revived does not bother asking whether properties, meanings, and numbers exist. Of course they do! The question is whether or not they are fundamental. <a href="978-0199546046" target="_blank">978-0199546046</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Martin Gardner (December 2005). "Science in the looking glass: What do scientists really know? (a book review)" (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society. pp. 1344 ff. No modern realist believes for a moment that numbers and theorems "exist" in the same way that stones and stars exist. Of course mathematical concepts are mental constructs and products of human culture. <a href="https://www.ams.org/notices/200511/rev-gardner.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.ams.org/notices/200511/rev-gardner.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Joshua Spencer (November 12, 2012). "Ways of being". Philosophy Compass. 7 (12): 910–918. doi:10.1111/j.1747-9991.2012.00527.x. There are numbers, fictional characters, impossible things, and holes. But, we don't think these things all exist in the same sense as cars and human beings. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Stephen H Kellert; Helen E Longino; C Kenneth Waters (2006). "Introduction: The pluralist stance" (PDF). Scientific pluralism; volume XIX in Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science. The University of Minnesota Press. p. vii. ISBN 978-0-8166-4763-7. <a href="978-0-8166-4763-7" target="_blank">978-0-8166-4763-7</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">E Brian Davies (2006). "Epistemological pluralism". Available through PhilSci Archive. <a href="http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/3083/1/EP3single.doc" target="_blank">http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/3083/1/EP3single.doc</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">There is ongoing controversy over the application of neuroscience to psychology. For example, Talvitie and Ihanus say: "As far as psychoanalytic explanations refer to the mental unconscious, they cannot be verified with the help of neuroscience. Neither is it possible to form a picture of how a neuro-viewpoint might be of help for psychoanalytic theorizing." Talvitie, Vesa; Ihanus, Juhani (2011). "On neuropsychoanalytic metaphysics". The International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 92 (6): 1583–1601. doi:10.1111/j.1745-8315.2011.00458.x. PMID 22212043. S2CID 205910970. and Edleson: "It is also contended that the theories of psychoanalysis cannot be logically derivable from
the theories of neuroscience, physics, or chemistry" "The convergence of psychoanalysis and neuroscience: Illusion and reality". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Geoffrey Hellman; John L Bell (2006). "Chapter 4: Pluralism and the foundation of mathematics" (PDF). In Stephen H Kellert; Helen E Longino; C Kenneth Waters (eds.). Scientific pluralism; volume XIX in Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science. The University of Minnesota Press. pp. 64 ff. ISBN 978-0-8166-4763-7. <a href="978-0-8166-4763-7" target="_blank">978-0-8166-4763-7</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Stephen H Kellert; Helen E Longino; C Kenneth Waters (2006). "Introduction: The pluralist stance" (PDF). Scientific pluralism; volume XIX in Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science. The University of Minnesota Press. p. vii. ISBN 978-0-8166-4763-7. <a href="978-0-8166-4763-7" target="_blank">978-0-8166-4763-7</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Esther-Mirjam Sent (2006). "Chapter 5: Pluralism in economics" (PDF). In Stephen H Kellert; Helen E Longino; C Kenneth Waters (eds.). Scientific pluralism; volume XIX in Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science. The University of Minnesota Press. pp. 80 ff. ISBN 978-0-8166-4763-7. <a href="978-0-8166-4763-7" target="_blank">978-0-8166-4763-7</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Epistemological pluralism open-in-new

Epistemological pluralism