Vitagraph Studios

<h2 id="history">History</h2>

In 1896, English <a href="/facts/%C3%89migr%C3%A9/SQhYkJwl">émigré</a> Blackton was moonlighting as a reporter/artist for the <a href="/facts/New_York_Evening_World/c1Iy6keF">New York Evening World</a> when he was sent to interview <a href="/facts/Thomas_Edison/IeDbdyP4">Thomas Edison</a> about his new film projector. The inventor talked the entrepreneurial reporter into buying a set of films and a projector. A year later, Blackton and business partner Smith founded the American Vitagraph Company in direct competition with Edison. A third partner, distributor William "Pop" Rock, joined in 1899. The company's first studio was located on the rooftop of a building on Nassau Street in <a href="/facts/Manhattan/fF9JeXjh">Manhattan</a>. Operations were later moved to the <a href="/facts/Midwood,_Brooklyn/QN2Srr0g">Midwood</a> neighborhood of <a href="/facts/Brooklyn,_New_York/UnUzxCFe">Brooklyn, New York</a>.
The company's first claim to fame came from newsreels: Vitagraph cameramen were on the scene to film events from the <a href="/facts/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War/ScKbBPAv">Spanish–American War</a> of 1898. These shorts were among the first works of motion-picture <a href="/facts/Propaganda/nGeaIHVJ">propaganda</a>, and a few had studio re-enactments that were passed off as footage of actual events (The <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba/NQUQLvvc">Battle of Santiago Bay</a> was filmed in an improvised bathtub, with the "smoke of battle" provided by Mrs. Blackton's cigar). In 1897, Vitagraph produced <a href="/facts/The_Humpty_Dumpty_Circus/PU7D2H68">The Humpty Dumpty Circus</a>, which was the first film to use the <a href="/facts/Stop-motion/A3RY2bbk">stop-motion</a> technique.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a>
Vitagraph was not the only company seeking to make money from Edison's motion picture inventions, and Edison's lawyers were very busy in the 1890s and 1900s filing <a href="/facts/Patent/LjT2bG3A">patents</a> and suing competitors for patent infringement. Blackton did his best to avoid lawsuits by buying a special license from Edison in 1907 and by agreeing to sell many of his most popular films to Edison for distribution.
The American Vitagraph Company made many contributions to the history of movie-making. In 1903, the director <a href="/facts/Joseph_Delmont/qLCfRl0r">Joseph Delmont</a> started his career by producing <a href="/facts/Western_(genre)/KvoYduYT">westerns</a>; he later became famous by using "wild <a href="/facts/Carnivores/q6h6aSqe">carnivores</a>" in his films—a sensation for that time.
In 1909, it was one of the original ten production companies included in Edison's attempt to corner movie-making in the United States, the <a href="/facts/Motion_Picture_Patents_Company/ASEfbQx8">Motion Picture Patents Company</a>. Due to its extensive European distribution interests, Vitagraph also participated in the <a href="/facts/Paris_Film_Congress/KzqI217e">Paris Film Congress</a> in February 1909. This was a failed attempt by European producers to form a cartel similar to the MPPC.

<h2 id="stars">Stars</h2>
Major stars included <a href="/facts/Florence_Turner/PbpwNC0a">Florence Turner</a> (the Vitagraph Girl, one of the world's first movie stars),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> <a href="/facts/Maurice_Costello/Dtg2nblV">Maurice Costello</a> (the first of the matinee idols), <a href="/facts/Harry_T._Morey/qPDJpA5A">Harry T. Morey</a>, <a href="/facts/Jean_(dog)/62pLC6wJ">Jean</a> (the Vitagraph Dog and the first animal star of the <a href="/facts/Silent_movie/32MP8dLb">Silent Era</a>) and such future stars as <a href="/facts/Helen_Hayes/4tF8uPdI">Helen Hayes</a>, <a href="/facts/Viola_Dana/bd0eFbLW">Viola Dana</a>, <a href="/facts/Dolores_Costello/2qA7CHdJ">Dolores Costello</a>, <a href="/facts/Norma_Talmadge/VIM0477u">Norma Talmadge</a>, <a href="/facts/Constance_Talmadge/exGbutFL">Constance Talmadge</a>, and <a href="/facts/Moe_Howard/Gn8uK3Pr">Moe Howard</a>. <a href="/facts/Laurence_Trimble/SpNsN1Gf">Larry Trimble</a> was a noted director of films for Turner and Jean (he was also the dog's owner).
The first film adaptation of the novel <a href="/facts/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables/sKTzG5r8">Les Misérables</a>, a short silent historical drama starring <a href="/facts/Maurice_Costello/Dtg2nblV">Maurice Costello</a> as <a href="/facts/Jean_Valjean/mnlWNRkL">Jean Valjean</a> and <a href="/facts/William_V._Ranous/TIcpnvbT">William V. Ranous</a> as <a href="/facts/Javert/oM5D1c7Y">Javert</a>, is distributed by the Vitagraph Company of America. The film consists of four reels, each released over the course of three months beginning on 4 September to 27 November 1909.
<a href="/facts/John_Bunny/oITd4VoH">John Bunny</a> made films for Vitagraph in the 1910s, most of them co-starring <a href="/facts/Flora_Finch/IuoHLAvX">Flora Finch</a>, and was the most popular film comedian in the world in the years before <a href="/facts/Charlie_Chaplin/24P6I5lz">Chaplin</a>. His death in 1915 was observed worldwide.
In 1910, a number of movie houses showed the five parts of the Vitagraph serial The Life of Moses consecutively (a total length of almost 90 minutes), making it one of many to claim the title of "the first feature film." A long series of <a href="/facts/William_Shakespeare/ohI96JTv">Shakespeare</a> adaptations were the first done of the Bard's works in the U.S.
In 1911, Vitagraph produced the first aviation film, <a href="/facts/The_Military_Air-Scout/zyfkjzNm">The Military Air-Scout</a>, directed by <a href="/facts/William_J._Humphrey/SnpbSKBp">William J. Humphrey</a>, with future <a href="/facts/General_of_the_Air_Force/m4Yt4ewa">General of the Air Force</a> <a href="/facts/Hap_Arnold/eIUWbVg7">Hap Arnold</a> as the stunt flier.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>
The 1915 feature <a href="/facts/The_Battle_Cry_of_Peace/HeDmLrLB">The Battle Cry of Peace</a> (written and directed by Blackton) was one of the great propaganda films of <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">World War I</a>. Ironically, after America declared war, the film was modified for re-release because it was seen as not being sufficiently pro-war, thus also earning the film a place in the history of <a href="/facts/Censorship/gwTgKVuv">censorship</a>.

<h2 id="v-l-s-e-incorporated">V-L-S-E, Incorporated</h2>
In 1915, Chicago distributor <a href="/facts/George_Kleine/qFHked3Q">George Kleine</a> orchestrated a four-way film distribution partnership, V-L-S-E, Incorporated, for the Vitagraph, <a href="/facts/Lubin_Manufacturing_Company/MR6mD4Sj">Lubin</a>, <a href="/facts/Selig_Polyscope_Company/TjbugEzF">Selig</a>, <a href="/facts/L-KO_Kompany/RaHE9PsH">L-KO Kompany</a>, and <a href="/facts/Essanay_Studios/8mlX88Ue">Essanay</a> companies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> Albert Smith served as president.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> In 1916, Benjamin Hampton<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> had proposed a merger of the distribution companies Paramount Pictures and V-L-S-E with <a href="/facts/Famous_Players_Film_Company/PNesz5qV">Famous Players Film Company</a> and <a href="/facts/Jesse_L._Lasky_Feature_Play_Company/IhsqTUjg">Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company</a>, but was foiled by <a href="/facts/Adolph_Zukor/QaPS8YLx">Adolph Zukor</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> V-L-S-E was dissolved on August 17, 1916,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> when Vitagraph purchased a controlling interest in Lubin, Selig, and Essanay.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>

<h2 id="postwar-prosperity">Postwar prosperity</h2>
Vitagraph's leading star of the post-World War I period was comedian <a href="/facts/Larry_Semon/TKEcXFwc">Larry Semon</a>. He had joined the studio in 1916 as a writer and director, but soon became a star in a steady stream of comedy shorts. A former cartoonist, Semon favored large-scale slapstick. His films were so profitable that Vitagraph gave Semon a free hand in making them, but Semon became so extravagant in staging the films that the expenses nearly broke the company. Semon's relationship with Vitagraph became strained when the company insisted that Semon finance the films himself, and he left for <a href="/facts/Educational_Pictures/d9HAqgtV">Educational Pictures</a> in 1923.

With the loss of foreign distributors and the rise of the monopolistic <a href="/facts/Studio_system/QLg2uwvX">studio system</a>, Vitagraph was slowly but surely being squeezed out of the business. On January 28, 1925, it left the <a href="/facts/Motion_Picture_Association/QHz4RQIN">Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America</a> (later MPA); the owner, <a href="/facts/Albert_E._Smith_(producer)/CSl2huCs">Albert E. Smith</a>, explained: Vitagraph withdraws because it does not believe that justice, to the distributors and to the public and to those independent producers who are not theater owning exhibitors, can be obtained through the labors of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>
<h2 id="acquisition-by-warner-bros">Acquisition by Warner Bros.</h2>
On April 20, 1925,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> Smith finally gave up and sold the company to <a href="/facts/Warner_Bros./JRF3lhQ6">Warner Bros.</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> for a comfortable profit. The Flatbush studio (renamed <a href="/facts/Vitaphone/9e53Qr5s">Vitaphone</a>) was later used as an independent unit within Warner Bros., specializing in early sound shorts. Vitaphone closed the Flatbush plant in 1940.

<h2 id="vitagraph-brand-name">Vitagraph brand name</h2>
The Vitagraph name was briefly resurrected on two occasions. In 1932–33, producer <a href="/facts/Leon_Schlesinger/r1PJAqjj">Leon Schlesinger</a> made six westerns starring <a href="/facts/John_Wayne/9MIwKPdz">John Wayne</a> and released them through the Warner Bros. exchanges. The studio chose to market these very-low-budget features under the less prestigious Vitagraph banner. In 1960 Vitagraph returned to theater screens (starting with 1960's <a href="/facts/Looney_Tunes/GA22TKT4">Looney Tunes</a> cartoon <a href="/facts/Hopalong_Casualty/NYg3YscA">Hopalong Casualty</a>), with the end titles reading "A Warner Bros. Cartoon / A Vitagraph Release". <a href="/facts/Merrie_Melodies/CACQ4o5f">Merrie Melodies</a> of the same period (starting with that same year's <a href="/facts/From_Hare_to_Heir/zzpQT8xD">From Hare to Heir</a>) had the same end title, with the last line being "A Vitaphone Release." This may have been done to protect the studio's ownership of the two dormant trade names. Both the Vitagraph and Vitaphone names were retired in 1969.

<h2 id="publication">Publication</h2>
Founder Albert E. Smith, in collaboration with coauthor Phil A. Koury, wrote an autobiography, Two Reels and a Crank, in 1952.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> It includes a very detailed history of Vitagraph and a lengthy list of people who had been in the Vitagraph Family which included <a href="/facts/Bronco_Billy_Anderson/Kg8Vr0vc">Billy Anderson</a>, <a href="/facts/Florence_Lawrence/lXExdrPh">Florence Lawrence</a>, <a href="/facts/Florence_Turner/PbpwNC0a">Florence Turner</a>, <a href="/facts/Florence_Auer/sm6rltJH">Florence Auer</a>, <a href="/facts/Richard_Barthelmess/1gLRcNPh">Richard Barthelmess</a>, <a href="/facts/John_Bunny/oITd4VoH">John Bunny</a>, <a href="/facts/Francis_X._Bushman/9JDAtrVX">Francis X. Bushman</a>, <a href="/facts/Dolores_Costello/2qA7CHdJ">Dolores Costello</a>, <a href="/facts/Maurice_Costello/Dtg2nblV">Maurice Costello</a>, <a href="/facts/Sidney_Drew/H8fHC0Y6">Sidney Drew</a>, <a href="/facts/Dustin_Farnum/2JvGLqtX">Dustin Farnum</a>, <a href="/facts/Flora_Finch/IuoHLAvX">Flora Finch</a>, <a href="/facts/Hoot_Gibson/wXz7DjpS">Hoot Gibson</a>, <a href="/facts/Corinne_Griffith/8U3GShfE">Corinne Griffith</a>, <a href="/facts/Alan_Hale,_Sr./vUInJDGX">Alan Hale</a>, <a href="/facts/Oliver_Hardy/MSe1QlsF">Oliver Hardy</a>, <a href="/facts/Mildred_Harris/cbCqLyfS">Mildred Harris</a>, <a href="/facts/Hedda_Hopper/wM3FM0Kf">Hedda Hopper</a>, <a href="/facts/Rex_Ingram_(director)/0uonnIg6">Rex Ingram</a>, <a href="/facts/Alice_Joyce/UWYCwCMq">Alice Joyce</a>, <a href="/facts/Boris_Karloff/SphRqgHM">Boris Karloff</a>, <a href="/facts/J._Warren_Kerrigan/hbfXV4Ru">J. Warren Kerrigan</a>, <a href="/facts/Rod_La_Rocque/UCKQY2bb">Rod La Rocque</a>, <a href="/facts/E.K._Lincoln/BXsCmbb9">E.K. Lincoln</a>, <a href="/facts/Bessie_Love/fFBa1mrB">Bessie Love</a>, <a href="/facts/May_McAvoy/MxPUkHqm">May McAvoy</a>, <a href="/facts/Victor_McLaglen/Xo3TneJY">Victor McLaglen</a>, <a href="/facts/Adolphe_Menjou/4Yqm3rXF">Adolphe Menjou</a>, <a href="/facts/Antonio_Moreno/ryVy354G">Antonio Moreno</a>, <a href="/facts/Conrad_Nagel/DoGCrzYF">Conrad Nagel</a>, <a href="/facts/Mabel_Normand/nYSrH26k">Mabel Normand</a>, <a href="/facts/Lottie_Pickford/PnATa2tW">Lottie Pickford</a>, <a href="/facts/Billy_Quirk/ktQNa7kS">Billy Quirk</a>, <a href="/facts/Wallace_Reid/Qn1pAF1Q">Wallace Reid</a>, <a href="/facts/May_Robson/eud8KcyX">May Robson</a>, <a href="/facts/Wesley_Ruggles/TNuSa8aA">Wesley Ruggles</a>, <a href="/facts/George_Stevens/8allqN1L">George Stevens</a>, <a href="/facts/Anita_Stewart/wFjg8jrI">Anita Stewart</a>, <a href="/facts/Constance_Talmadge/exGbutFL">Constance Talmadge</a>, <a href="/facts/Natalie_Talmadge/4cYuzyvp">Natalie Talmadge</a>, <a href="/facts/Norma_Talmadge/VIM0477u">Norma Talmadge</a>, <a href="/facts/William_Desmond_Taylor/VbKoDmSq">William Desmond Taylor</a>, <a href="/facts/Alice_Terry/V5muQKLe">Alice Terry</a>, <a href="/facts/George_Terwilliger/sJ5ru9as">George Terwilliger</a>, <a href="/facts/Florence_Vidor/H3Qz1rdw">Florence Vidor</a>, <a href="/facts/Earle_Williams/YLSPol7r">Earle Williams</a>, <a href="/facts/Clara_Kimball_Young/2LR2DW0t">Clara Kimball Young</a>, and hundreds of other people are listed. In the text of the book he also refers to hiring a 17-year-old <a href="/facts/Rudolph_Valentino/sSCnMh1I">Rudolph Valentino</a> into the set-decorating department, but within a week he was being used by directors as an extra in foreign parts, mainly as a Russian Cossack.

<h2 id="locations">Locations</h2>
Vitagraph's first office, opened in 1898, was in Lower <a href="/facts/Manhattan/fF9JeXjh">Manhattan</a>, at 140 Nassau Street,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> on the corner of Nassau St. and Beekman St.,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> where they shot their first film, The Burglar on the Roof, in 1897.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> In 1890, the company moved to 110-16 Nassau Street in <a href="/facts/Brooklyn,_New_York/UnUzxCFe">Brooklyn, New York</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> They subsequently opened a glass-enclosed studio, the first modern film studio in the U.S., built in 1906, on property bounded by Locust Avenue, East 15th Street, Elm Avenue, and right-of-way of the BMT Brighton Line of the New York City Subway.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> Transportation of equipment and costumes from the Nassau Street interior stages was by subway to the adjacent <a href="/facts/Avenue_M_(BMT_Brighton_Line)/ajIEre8d">Avenue M (BMT Brighton Line)</a> Subway rapid transit station<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> in the <a href="/facts/Midwood/QN2Srr0g">Midwood</a> section of Brooklyn.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> They created a second film studio in Santa Monica, California, in 1911, and a year later moved to a 29-acre sheep ranch at 4151 Prospect Ave<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> in the <a href="/facts/Los_Feliz/vDWEqPRU">Los Feliz</a> district of Los Angeles, a studio subsequently owned by ABC and currently Disney Studios.

<h2 id="preservation-efforts-and-demolition">Preservation Efforts and Demolition</h2>
The Vitagraph Studios building, located in the Midwood neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York, held a significant place in the early history of American cinema. As one of the first motion picture studios in the United States, Vitagraph was responsible for producing hundreds of silent films in the early 20th century. The building, with its recognizable smokestack, remained a physical reminder of the silent film era long after the studio ceased operations and was acquired by Warner Bros. in 1925.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>
In the latter half of the 20th century, as New York City’s landscape rapidly changed, film historians and preservationists began advocating for the protection of the Vitagraph building due to its historical importance. The structure became a focus of preservation efforts in the 2000s and 2010s, when campaigns were launched to secure landmark status for the site.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> Supporters, including local historians and members of the film community, argued that the building was one of the last surviving links to New York’s early role as a hub of film production before Hollywood’s rise. They proposed various uses for the building, including transforming it into a museum or cultural center that would honor the legacy of early cinema.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>
However, the preservation campaigns faced significant obstacles. Opponents of landmark designation, including developers and some local officials, cited the deteriorating condition of the building and its increasingly outdated industrial design. The site’s location in a developing residential neighborhood further complicated efforts, as developers eyed the property for housing projects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> In 2008, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission declined to grant the building landmark status, stating that while the Vitagraph building held undeniable cultural significance, it did not meet the architectural criteria for preservation. According to the Commission, “the building has lost many of its original architectural features over the years,” and “the alterations to its structure have compromised its integrity as a historic resource.”<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> The Commission also emphasized that the building's <a href="/facts/Utilitarian_design/FYVkpojh">utilitarian design</a> did not exemplify the type of architectural distinction typically associated with landmarks, despite its historical connections. In 2012, they further ruled that the smokestack "lacked architectural merit."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>
Despite ongoing petitions, appeals, and media attention, the decision stood, and the efforts to protect the building ultimately faltered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> In 2015, after years of neglect and unsuccessful attempts to preserve the structure, the Vitagraph Studios building was demolished to make way for new apartment complexes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> This demolition marked the end of a tangible piece of early American film history, though it sparked renewed interest in preserving other film heritage sites.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>

<h2 id="notable-films">Notable films</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/List_of_Vitagraph_Studios_films/8dKqIjB7">List of Vitagraph Studios films</a>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/JC_Studios/b4zbWC6z">JC Studios</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Cinema_of_the_United_States/1HpkUBfd">Cinema of the United States</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>Courtney, William Basil (February 7 – April 11, 1925). "History of Vitagraph". Motion Picture News.</li>
<li>Musser, Charles (Spring 1983). "American Vltagraph: 1897–1901". Cinema Journal. 22 (3): 4–46. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1224961">10.2307/1224961</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1224961">1224961</a>.</li>
<li>Olsson, J. (2008). <a href="https://portal.research.lu.se/files/3816664/4144882.pdf">Los Angeles before Hollywood : Journalism and American film culture, 1905–1915</a>. (Mediehistoriskt arkiv; Vol. 10). Kungliga biblioteket.</li>
<li>"Pioneer Vitagraph Sold to Warners". The New York Times. April 23, 1925. p. 24.</li>
<li><a href="https://archive.org/stream/movingpicturewor24newy#page/702/mode/2up">"Scope of the 'V-L-S-E'"</a>. The Moving Picture World. May 1, 1915. pp. 703–704.</li>
<li>Slide, Anthony; Gevinson, Alan (1987). The Big V: A History of the Vitagraph Company. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-8108-2030-7.</li>
<li>Spadoni, Robert (1999). "The Figure Seen from the Rear, Vitagraph, and the Development of Shot/Reverse Shot". Film History. 11 (3): 319–41. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3815205">3815205</a>.</li>
<li>Uricchio, William; Pearson, Roberta E. (1993). <a href="https://archive.org/details/reframingculture00uric">Reframing Culture: The Case of the Vitagraph Quality Films</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-691-04774-X.</li>
<li><a href="https://archive.org/stream/movingpicturewor72janf#page/212">"Vitagraph Endures Through 27 Years of Kaleidoscopic Business War"</a>. Moving Picture World. Vol. 72, no. 3. New York. January 17, 1925. p. 212.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vitagraph Studios.

<ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBdk7WC-0nE">Vitagraph Film Company Brooklyn Today and a bit of the last film made there, A Tale of Two Cities (1911)</a> on YouTube</li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FiOXH7LqgL4">A Short History of Vitagraph</a> Film by Tony Susnick on YouTube</li>
<li><a href="http://urbanography.com/urban/0006/index.htm">"Where the Dream Was Made"</a>, Vitagraph Flatbush studio by <a href="/facts/Irvin_Leigh_Matus/GL0AsIlA">Irvin Leigh Matus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://subway.com.ru/vitagraph/">Vitagraph Studio in Brooklyn</a></li>
<li><a href="https://forgotten-ny.com/1998/06/vitagraph-corp/">"Smokestack of dreams," surviving remnant of Vitagraph</a> at ForgottenNewYork.com</li>
<li><a href="https://www.nypl.org/research/research-catalog/bib/b21202199">Vitagraph Company of America scripts, 1912-1917</a>, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, <a href="/facts/New_York_Public_Library_for_the_Performing_Arts/lPQQVs2r">New York Public Library for the Performing Arts</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Eilseen Bowser, The Transformation of Cinema 1907–1915, University of California Press, 1990, p. 23. ISBN 0-520-08534-5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"First animated film". Guinness World Records. Retrieved January 5, 2013. <a href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-3000/first-animated-film/" target="_blank">https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-3000/first-animated-film/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Florence Turner and Florence Lawrence were tied for being the first big movie stars. Eilseen Bowser, The Transformation of Cinema 1907–1915, University of California Press, 1990, p. 113–114. ISBN 0-520-08534-5. <a href="/wiki/Florence_Lawrence" target="_blank">/wiki/Florence_Lawrence</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Copp, DeWitt S., "A Few Great Captains: The Men and Events That Shaped the Development of U.S. Air Power", The Air Force Historical Foundation, Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, New York, Library of Congress catalog card number 78-22310, ISBN 0-385-13310-3, p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Wagenknecht, Edward (2014). The Movies in the Age of Innocence (3rd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7864-9462-0. <a href="978-0-7864-9462-0" target="_blank">978-0-7864-9462-0</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Morton, David (2014). "City of Superb Democracy:" The Emergence of Brooklyn's Cultural Identity During Cinema's Silent Era, 1893–1928 (M.A. thesis). University of Central Florida. OCLC 904281741. <a href="https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5638&context=etd" target="_blank">https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5638&context=etd</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"Benjamin B. Hampton". IMDb. Retrieved September 9, 2018. <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0358949/" target="_blank">https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0358949/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"In the Best Film Star Tradition: Claire Adams and Mooramong". www.screeningthepast.com. Retrieved September 9, 2018. <a href="http://www.screeningthepast.com/2015/06/in-the-best-film-star-tradition-claire-adams-and-mooramong/" target="_blank">http://www.screeningthepast.com/2015/06/in-the-best-film-star-tradition-claire-adams-and-mooramong/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Slide, Anthony (2013). The New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry. London and New York: Routledge. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-135-92554-3. <a href="978-1-135-92554-3" target="_blank">978-1-135-92554-3</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"The Numbers – Movies Released by V-L-S-E". www.the-numbers.com. Retrieved September 9, 2018. <a href="https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/distributor/V-L-S-E" target="_blank">https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/distributor/V-L-S-E</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"Ziegfeld Picture Palace in Chicago, IL – Cinema Treasures". cinematreasures.org. Retrieved September 9, 2018. <a href="https://cinematreasures.org/theaters/18572" target="_blank">https://cinematreasures.org/theaters/18572</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">"AFI-Catalog". catalog.afi.com. Retrieved September 9, 2018. <a href="https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/16497" target="_blank">https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/16497</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Morton, David (2014). "City of Superb Democracy:" The Emergence of Brooklyn's Cultural Identity During Cinema's Silent Era, 1893–1928 (M.A. thesis). University of Central Florida. OCLC 904281741. <a href="https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5638&context=etd" target="_blank">https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5638&context=etd</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Joplin Globe, p.7, January 30, 1925 <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Silent Era : Progressive Silent Film List". www.silentera.com. Retrieved September 9, 2018. <a href="http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/companies/V/vitagraphCoAmerica.html" target="_blank">http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/companies/V/vitagraphCoAmerica.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"Vitagraph, Film Pioneer, Bought by Warner Bros". Chicago Tribune. April 23, 1925. Retrieved September 2, 2015. <a href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1925/04/23/page/24/article/vitagraph-film-pioneer-bought-by-warner-bros" target="_blank">http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1925/04/23/page/24/article/vitagraph-film-pioneer-bought-by-warner-bros</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Smith, Albert E. in collaboration with Phil A. Koury, Two Reels And A Crank, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, 1952. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">The Encyclopedia Of New York City (Yale University Press, 1995) via : http://forgotten-ny.com/1998/06/vitagraph-corp/ <a href="http://forgotten-ny.com/1998/06/vitagraph-corp/" target="_blank">http://forgotten-ny.com/1998/06/vitagraph-corp/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"Beekman St & Nassau St, New York, NY 10038". Google Maps. <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Nassau+St+&+Beekman+St,+New+York,+NY+10038/@40.7112361,-74.0064832,17z" target="_blank">https://www.google.com/maps/place/Nassau+St+&+Beekman+St,+New+York,+NY+10038/@40.7112361,-74.0064832,17z</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Alleman, Richard (2005). New York: The Movie Lover's Guide: The Ultimate Insider Tour of Movie New York. Broadway Books. ISBN 978-0-7679-1634-9. <a href="978-0-7679-1634-9" target="_blank">978-0-7679-1634-9</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">The Encyclopedia Of New York City (Yale University Press, 1995) via : http://forgotten-ny.com/1998/06/vitagraph-corp/ <a href="http://forgotten-ny.com/1998/06/vitagraph-corp/" target="_blank">http://forgotten-ny.com/1998/06/vitagraph-corp/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"1499 Locust Ave". Google Maps. <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@40.619248,-73.9603029,3a,75y,95.3h,90t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1stc7lsRrlbucPPQqpWRNTfg!2e0!6s%2F%2Fgeo3.ggpht.com%2Fcbk%3Fpanoid%3Dtc7lsRrlbucPPQqpWRNTfg%26output%3Dthumbnail%26cb_client%3Dmaps_sv.tactile.gps%26thumb%3D2%26w%3D203%26h%3D100%26yaw%3D96.9623%26pitch%3D0%26thumbfov%3D100!7i13312!8i6656" target="_blank">https://www.google.com/maps/@40.619248,-73.9603029,3a,75y,95.3h,90t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1stc7lsRrlbucPPQqpWRNTfg!2e0!6s%2F%2Fgeo3.ggpht.com%2Fcbk%3Fpanoid%3Dtc7lsRrlbucPPQqpWRNTfg%26output%3Dthumbnail%26cb_client%3Dmaps_sv.tactile.gps%26thumb%3D2%26w%3D203%26h%3D100%26yaw%3D96.9623%26pitch%3D0%26thumbfov%3D100!7i13312!8i6656</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"The property was bounded north and south by Locust Avenue and Elm Avenue, on the west was East 15th Street and east was the right-of-way of the Brighton Beach rapid transit line". Urbanography.com. Retrieved September 30, 2018. <a href="http://urbanography.com/urban/0006/vita3.htm" target="_blank">http://urbanography.com/urban/0006/vita3.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"Where the Dream Was Made by Irvin Leigh Matus". urbanography.com. <a href="http://urbanography.com/urban/0006/index.htm" target="_blank">http://urbanography.com/urban/0006/index.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"Midwood's Historic Vitagraph Studios Gets Wrecking Ball". Curbed NY. April 18, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2018. <a href="https://ny.curbed.com/2015/4/18/9969264/midwoods-historic-vitagraph-studios-gets-wrecking-ball" target="_blank">https://ny.curbed.com/2015/4/18/9969264/midwoods-historic-vitagraph-studios-gets-wrecking-ball</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Hollywood on the Hudson: Film and Television in New York from Griffith to Sarnoff, By Richard Koszarski ISBN 0813547784 ISBN 978-0813547787 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">"4151 Prospect Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90027". Google Maps. <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/4151+Prospect+Ave,+Los+Angeles,+CA+90027/@34.1018795,-118.2816454,17z" target="_blank">https://www.google.com/maps/place/4151+Prospect+Ave,+Los+Angeles,+CA+90027/@34.1018795,-118.2816454,17z</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">"Original Vitagraph Studio Enters Its Second Century -". May 1, 2006. Retrieved October 29, 2024. <a href="https://cinemontage.org/vitagraph-studio/" target="_blank">https://cinemontage.org/vitagraph-studio/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Amato, Rowley (November 2, 2014). "Activists Try to Preserve Piece of Film History in Brooklyn". Curbed NY. Retrieved October 29, 2024. <a href="https://ny.curbed.com/2014/11/2/10028432/activists-try-to-preserve-piece-of-film-history-in-brooklyn#more" target="_blank">https://ny.curbed.com/2014/11/2/10028432/activists-try-to-preserve-piece-of-film-history-in-brooklyn#more</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Staff, Brooklyn Eagle (October 6, 2014). "Residents fear for Vitagraph smokestack, last remnant of silent film studio". Brooklyn Eagle. Retrieved October 29, 2024. <a href="https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2014/10/06/residents-fear-for-vitagraph-smokestack-last-remnant-of-silent-film-studio/" target="_blank">https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2014/10/06/residents-fear-for-vitagraph-smokestack-last-remnant-of-silent-film-studio/</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">"Save the Vitagraph Smokestack!". <a href="https://mail.nitrateville.com/viewtopic.php?t=18652" target="_blank">https://mail.nitrateville.com/viewtopic.php?t=18652</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">"Midwood's Vitagraph Smokestack, Part Of Historic Movie Studio Complex, Could Be Torn Down After $20 Million Sale". Bklyner. October 9, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2024. <a href="https://bklyner.com/midwoods-vitagraph-smokestack-part-historic-movie-studio-complex-torn-20-million-sale-sheepshead-bay/" target="_blank">https://bklyner.com/midwoods-vitagraph-smokestack-part-historic-movie-studio-complex-torn-20-million-sale-sheepshead-bay/</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Staff, Brooklyn Eagle (April 11, 2022). "Vitagraph: From silent film studio to pricey apartment building". Brooklyn Eagle. Retrieved October 29, 2024. <a href="https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2022/04/11/vitagraph-from-silent-film-studio-to-pricey-apartment-building/" target="_blank">https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2022/04/11/vitagraph-from-silent-film-studio-to-pricey-apartment-building/</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Sherman, John (October 7, 2014). "Midwood's Vitagraph Smokestack Could Become the New Kentile Floors Sign". Brooklyn Magazine. Retrieved October 29, 2024. <a href="https://www.bkmag.com/2014/10/07/midwoods-vitagraph-smokestack-could-become-the-new-kentile-floors-sign/" target="_blank">https://www.bkmag.com/2014/10/07/midwoods-vitagraph-smokestack-could-become-the-new-kentile-floors-sign/</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">"Save the Vitagraph Smokestack!". <a href="https://mail.nitrateville.com/viewtopic.php?t=18652" target="_blank">https://mail.nitrateville.com/viewtopic.php?t=18652</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Amato, Rowley (April 18, 2015). "Midwood's Historic Vitagraph Studios Gets Wrecking Ball". Curbed NY. Retrieved October 29, 2024. <a href="https://ny.curbed.com/2015/4/18/9969264/midwoods-historic-vitagraph-studios-gets-wrecking-ball" target="_blank">https://ny.curbed.com/2015/4/18/9969264/midwoods-historic-vitagraph-studios-gets-wrecking-ball</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Kalish, Jon (October 28, 2014). "Brooklyn activists hustle to save movie making Midwood smokestack". New York Daily News. Retrieved October 29, 2024. <a href="https://www.nydailynews.com/2014/10/28/brooklyn-activists-hustle-to-save-movie-making-midwood-smokestack/" target="_blank">https://www.nydailynews.com/2014/10/28/brooklyn-activists-hustle-to-save-movie-making-midwood-smokestack/</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">"The Vitagraph Brooklyn | New Apartments in Brooklyn". The Vitagraph Residences. Retrieved October 29, 2024. <a href="https://thevitagraphbk.com/" target="_blank">https://thevitagraphbk.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">"Brooklyn's Film History" (PDF). <a href="https://openlab.citytech.cuny.edu/cnavarrete-eportfolio/files/2013/05/Brooklyns-Film-History-1.pdf" target="_blank">https://openlab.citytech.cuny.edu/cnavarrete-eportfolio/files/2013/05/Brooklyns-Film-History-1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Vitagraph Studios open-in-new

Vitagraph Studios