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Space policy of the first Donald Trump administration
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>2017: Space Policy Directive-1</h3> <p>On December 11, 2017, President <a href="/facts/Donald_Trump/pqqKY21P">Donald Trump</a> issued a <a href="/facts/Presidential_memorandum/gNGxkndJ">presidential memorandum</a> also known as "Space Policy Directive-1".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> This directive amended <a href="/facts/Barack_Obama/76wUMgL1">Barack Obama</a>'s "Presidential Policy Directive 4," by replacing the paragraph beginning “Set far-reaching exploration milestones...”<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> with the paragraph “Lead an innovative and sustainable program of exploration with commercial and international partners to enable human expansion across the <a href="/facts/Solar_System/QIcLSazQ">Solar System</a> and to bring back to <a href="/facts/Earth/HLLmDfj0">Earth</a> new knowledge and opportunities. Beginning with missions beyond <a href="/facts/Low_Earth_orbit/rq1TwayJ">low-Earth orbit</a>, the United States will lead the return of humans to the <a href="/facts/Moon/zKHqEMPb">Moon</a> for <a href="/facts/Exploration_of_the_Moon/lFKweAk3">long-term exploration</a> and utilization, followed by <a href="/facts/Human_mission_to_Mars/zIwMBMPD">human missions to Mars</a> and other destinations.” </p> <h3>2018: Space Policy Directive-2</h3> <p>On May 24, 2018, Donald Trump issued Space Policy Directive-2,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> "Streamlining Regulations on Commercial Use of Space," which begins "Section 1. Policy. It is the policy of the <a href="/facts/Executive_Branch_of_the_United_States/VJCxUaf7">executive branch</a> to be prudent and responsible when spending taxpayer funds, and to recognize how government actions, including Federal regulations, affect private resources. It is therefore important that regulations adopted and enforced by the executive branch promote economic growth; minimize uncertainty for taxpayers, investors, and private industry; protect national security, public-safety, and foreign policy interests; and encourage American leadership in <a href="/facts/Space_commerce/BjzlhxMK">space commerce</a>." </p><p>The subsequent sections direct changes to existing policy as follows: </p> <ul><li>Section 2 requires the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Transportation/qgNCJ1tF">Department of Transportation</a> to, by February 1, 2019, review its licensing procedures and regulations for launch and re-entry of commercial space vehicles and "rescind or revise those regulations, or publish for notice and comment proposed rules rescinding or revising" them. It also directs the <a href="/facts/Secretary_of_Transportation/8vLNGJ5U">Secretary of Transportation</a> to consider a single blanket license for commercial spaceflight, and to consider "replacing prescriptive requirements in the commercial space flight launch and re-entry licensing process with performance-based criteria," in coordination with the National Space Council.</li> <li>In Section 2(c), the <a href="/facts/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense/K3ygWDbv">Secretary of Defense</a> and the <a href="/facts/NASA_administrator/IltN5emr">NASA Administrator</a> are also directed examine regulatory requirements for <a href="/facts/Commercial_spaceflight/9rSz8Lhh">commercial spaceflight</a> launches and re-entry operations from federal government ranges and "to minimize those requirements, except those necessary to protect public safety and national security," to assist the Secretary of Transportation in implementing the directive. In Sec. 2(c), the <a href="/facts/Secretary_of_Commerce/5R19cKv1">Secretary of Commerce</a> is directed to rescind or revise regulations pertaining to <a href="/facts/Remote_sensing/pj2crmGs">remote sensing</a> satellites that might impede the goals of Section 1, and to coordinate with the aforementioned officials as well as the <a href="/facts/United_States_Secretary_of_State/AgUe4Dkq">Secretary of State</a> and, as appropriate, the <a href="/facts/Chairman_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission/B6tpaYfq">Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission</a>.</li></ul> <h3>2018: Space Policy Directive-3</h3> <p>On June 18, 2018, Donald Trump issued Space Policy Directive-3 (SPD-3),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> "National Space Traffic Management Policy." Section 6 conveys the actual responsibilities generated by the directives in the preceding sections, instructing the members of the <a href="/facts/National_Space_Council/4DLPhFT0">National Space Council</a> to come up with plans, and directing the Administrator of the <a href="/facts/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration/TIMCV0yV">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA Administrator), the Secretaries of State, <a href="/facts/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense/K3ygWDbv">Defense</a>, Commerce, and Transportation, the <a href="/facts/Director_of_National_Intelligence/AnV5cBUQ">Director of National Intelligence</a>, and the Chairman of the <a href="/facts/Federal_Communications_Commission/Ueghz8W0">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) to implement <a href="/facts/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme/XvHuoRsX">Space Situational Awareness</a> (SSA), <a href="/facts/Space_traffic_management/SroXEdEr">Space Traffic Management</a> (STM), and development of appropriate Science & Technology research to support expansion and <a href="/facts/Interoperability/7WgqUbXU">interoperability</a> (internationally and between various parties domestically) of SSA and STM systems. Preserving the space environment for safe operations is in every nation's best interests, so the policy leads in the direction of cooperation on <a href="/facts/Collision_avoidance_(spacecraft)/nXN5Q8Ew">collision avoidance</a>, <a href="/facts/Orbital_debris/X7YSKlXl">orbital debris</a> mitigation, etc. This reiterates concerns raised in the 2010 National Space Policy, but expands with directives to various agencies who are stakeholders, and includes the recently re-formed National Space Council. </p> <h3>2018: Space Policy Directive-4 and Space Force</h3> <p>On October 23, 2018, the <a href="/facts/White_House/CJQc7dKF">White House</a> issued a press release detailing the recommendations that will be addressed in Space Policy Directive-4 (SPD-4).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> These are centered on the formation of a Space Force, and follow the guidelines of Donald Trump's June 18, 2018 directive to the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">Department of Defense</a> to immediately begin the process necessary to establish <a href="/facts/United_States_Space_Force/bWlsxC5D">Space Force</a> as a separate military branch. </p><p>The six recommendations are: </p> <ul><li>Forming a <a href="/facts/United_States_Space_Command/uDfQjTQa">United States Space Command</a> to control our space forces and develop the tactics, techniques, and procedures for military space operations.</li> <li>Establishing the Space Force as a separate and distinct branch of the military whose mission will be to organize, train, and equip combat space forces.</li> <li>Calling on <a href="/facts/United_States_Congress/mJlU46K7">Congress</a> to authorize the establishment of a Space Force and provide funding for the United States Space Command.</li> <li>Launching a joint review by the National Space Council and National Security Council of existing space operational authorities for meeting national security objectives, informed by DOD's assessment of the authorities required.</li> <li>Creating a Space Development Agency to ensure Americans in the Space Force have cutting-edge warfighting capabilities.</li> <li>Creating collaborative mechanisms with the Intelligence Community to improve unity of efforts for the development of space capabilities and operations.</li></ul> <p>During the <a href="/facts/2019_State_of_the_Union_Address/YzcGey2w">2019 State of the Union Address</a>, Donald Trump said: "This year, American astronauts will go back to space in American rockets,"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> referring to <a href="/facts/SpaceX/2tKHsVdJ">SpaceX</a>'s <a href="/facts/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2/0D3BuCxE">Crew Dragon</a>, which was launched on May 30, 2020, to be the first crewed orbital spaceflight launched from the United States since 2011.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h3>2020: Space Policy Directive-5</h3> <p>In September 2020, the White House issued Space Policy Directive-5 (SPD-5), <a href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/memorandum-space-policy-directive-5-cybersecurity-principles-space-systems/">Cybersecurity Principles for Space Systems</a>. SPD-5 established the cybersecurity principles to guide and serve as the foundation for the U.S. approach to the cyber protection of the U.S. government's space systems and private space systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h3>2020: Executive Order 13959</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Executive_Order_13959/SXNLBSeA">Executive Order 13959</a></p> <p>In November 2020, U.S. President <a href="/facts/Donald_Trump/pqqKY21P">Donald Trump</a> issued an <a href="/facts/Executive_Order_13959/SXNLBSeA">executive order</a> prohibiting U.S. companies and individuals owning shares in companies that the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">United States Department of Defense</a> has listed as having links to the <a href="/facts/People%27s_Liberation_Army/nr4YlS9J">People's Liberation Army</a>, which includes the <a href="/facts/Aerospace_industry_of_China/SbPNyxXw">aerospace industry of China</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h3>2020: National Space Policy</h3> <p>On December 9, 2020, the White House issued a National Space Policy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> This policy advocates for expanding U.S. leadership in space, allowing unfettered access to space, encouraging private sector growth, expanding international cooperation, and establishing a human presence on the Moon with an eventual <a href="/facts/Human_mission_to_Mars/zIwMBMPD">human mission to Mars</a>. </p> <h3>2020: Space Policy Directive-6</h3> <p>On December 16, 2020, the White House issued Space Policy Directive-6 (SPD-6), the National Strategy for Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> It laid out a national strategy for the responsible and effective development and use of space nuclear power and propulsion systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> An early project developed from this directive is the <a href="/facts/Demonstration_Rocket_for_Agile_Cislunar_Operations/Fo40J4AN">Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations (DRACO)</a>. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Space_policy_of_the_United_States/S9Lrs9LL">Space policy of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/United_States_Space_Force/bWlsxC5D">United States Space Force</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"President Donald J. Trump is Unveiling an America First National Space Strategy". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-01-20. Retrieved 2018-12-07 – via National Archives. <a href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-unveiling-america-first-national-space-strategy/" target="_blank">https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-unveiling-america-first-national-space-strategy/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"National Space Council Directives". Office of Space Commerce. 10 December 2020. Archived from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 2020-12-10. <a href="https://www.space.commerce.gov/policy/national-space-council-directives/" target="_blank">https://www.space.commerce.gov/policy/national-space-council-directives/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Memorandum on the National Strategy for Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion (Space Policy Directive-6) – The White House". trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov. Retrieved 2023-09-16. <a href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/memorandum-national-strategy-space-nuclear-power-propulsion-space-policy-directive-6/" target="_blank">https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/memorandum-national-strategy-space-nuclear-power-propulsion-space-policy-directive-6/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"National Space Policy of the United States of America" (PDF). whitehouse.gov. 9 December 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2020 – via National Archives. <a href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/National-Space-Policy.pdf" target="_blank">https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/National-Space-Policy.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Presidential Memorandum on Reinvigorating America's Human Space Exploration Program (SPD-1)". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-01-20. Retrieved 2018-12-07 – via National Archives. <a href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-memorandum-reinvigorating-americas-human-space-exploration-program/" target="_blank">https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-memorandum-reinvigorating-americas-human-space-exploration-program/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"National Space Policy of the United States of America" (PDF). <a href="https://history.nasa.gov/national_space_policy_6-28-10.pdf" target="_blank">https://history.nasa.gov/national_space_policy_6-28-10.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Space Policy Directive-2, Streamlining Regulations on Commercial Use of Space". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-01-20. Retrieved 2018-12-07 – via National Archives. <a href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/space-policy-directive-2-streamlining-regulations-commercial-use-space/" target="_blank">https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/space-policy-directive-2-streamlining-regulations-commercial-use-space/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Space Policy Directive-3, National Space Traffic Management Policy". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-01-20. Retrieved 2018-12-07 – via National Archives. <a href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/space-policy-directive-3-national-space-traffic-management-policy/" target="_blank">https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/space-policy-directive-3-national-space-traffic-management-policy/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"President Donald J. Trump Is Launching America's Space Force". whitehouse.gov (press release). Archived from the original on 2021-01-20. Retrieved 2018-12-14 – via National Archives. <a href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-launching-americas-space-force/" target="_blank">https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-launching-americas-space-force/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Trump Honors 50th Anniversary of Apollo 11 Moon Landing in State of the Union Speech". space.com. 6 February 2019. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020. <a href="https://www.space.com/43241-trump-apollo-11-state-of-the-union-2019.html" target="_blank">https://www.space.com/43241-trump-apollo-11-state-of-the-union-2019.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Dragon capsule achieves orbit, heads towards International Space Station". The Washington Post. 31 May 2020. Archived from the original on 30 May 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/05/30/spacex-nasa-launch-live-updates/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/05/30/spacex-nasa-launch-live-updates/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Memorandum on Space Policy Directive-5—Cybersecurity Principles for Space Systems – The White House". trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov. Retrieved 2023-09-16. <a href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/memorandum-space-policy-directive-5-cybersecurity-principles-space-systems/" target="_blank">https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/memorandum-space-policy-directive-5-cybersecurity-principles-space-systems/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Chen, Shawna (November 12, 2020). "Trump bans Americans from investing in 31 companies with links to Chinese military". Axios. Retrieved November 12, 2020. <a href="https://www.axios.com/china-military-trump-investments-ban-a0458e29-2245-4bde-920b-d1c6bc698370.html" target="_blank">https://www.axios.com/china-military-trump-investments-ban-a0458e29-2245-4bde-920b-d1c6bc698370.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Pamuk, Humeyra; Alper, Alexandra; Ali, Idrees (2020-11-12). "Trump bans U.S. investments in firms linked to Chinese military". Reuters. Retrieved 2020-11-12. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-securities-exclusive-idUSKBN27S2X3" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-securities-exclusive-idUSKBN27S2X3</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Swanson, Ana (2020-11-12). "Trump Bars Investment in Chinese Firms With Military Ties". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-11-13. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/12/business/economy/trump-china-investment-ban.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/12/business/economy/trump-china-investment-ban.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"National Space Policy of the United States of America" (PDF). whitehouse.gov. 9 December 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2020 – via National Archives. <a href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/National-Space-Policy.pdf" target="_blank">https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/National-Space-Policy.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Memorandum on the National Strategy for Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion (Space Policy Directive-6) – The White House". trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov. Retrieved 2023-09-16. <a href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/memorandum-national-strategy-space-nuclear-power-propulsion-space-policy-directive-6/" target="_blank">https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/memorandum-national-strategy-space-nuclear-power-propulsion-space-policy-directive-6/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Memorandum on the National Strategy for Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion (Space Policy Directive-6) – The White House". trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov. Retrieved 2023-09-16. <a href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/memorandum-national-strategy-space-nuclear-power-propulsion-space-policy-directive-6/" target="_blank">https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/memorandum-national-strategy-space-nuclear-power-propulsion-space-policy-directive-6/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Brown, Katherine (2020-12-16). "NASA Supports America's National Strategy for Space Nuclear Power and". NASA. Retrieved 2023-09-16. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-supports-americas-national-strategy-for-space-nuclear-power-and-propulsion" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-supports-americas-national-strategy-for-space-nuclear-power-and-propulsion</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>