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Dictyonema
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<h2 id="the-dictyonemasymbiosis">The <i>Dictyonema</i> symbiosis</h2> <p>Most lichens are a <a href="/facts/Symbiosis/MrBArRGa">symbiosis</a> between an <a href="/facts/Ascomycota/4GJdsf2e">ascomycete</a> <a href="/facts/Fungus/BHo5DP59">fungus</a> and a photosynthetic <a href="/facts/Green_alga/3NlQ6pKF">green alga</a>. However, a small percentage of lichens (approximately 10%) are <a href="/facts/Cyanolichen/GxIYYfdX">cyanolichens</a> and contain a photosynthetic <a href="/facts/Cyanobacterium/S8bKxIU9">cyanobacterium</a> instead of green algae,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> and an even smaller number (less than 1%) are <a href="/facts/Basidiolichen/9JWs3d9f">basidiolichens</a> and contain a <a href="/facts/Basidiomycota/LuFeC7D2">basidiomycete</a> fungus instead of an ascomycete.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> This makes <i>Dictyonema</i> more closely related to <a href="/facts/Mushroom/sRdY6lfe">mushrooms</a> than it is to most other lichens. </p> <h2 id="taxonomy-and-naming">Taxonomy and naming</h2> <p>The genus <i>Dictyonema</i> was first named in 1822 by <a href="/facts/Carl_Adolph_Agardh/szu72gQp">Carl Agardh</a> and <a href="/facts/Carl_Sigismund_Kunth/wdf2cxj2">Carl Kunth</a> after examining a novel fungus that was sent to them from Brazil.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The genus was redefined in 1978 when <a href="/facts/Erast_Parmasto/FQoXc3Bv">Erast Parmasto</a> assessed 40 different species of basidiolichens that were previously divided into 3 families and 8 genera (including <i>Cora</i>, <i>Dichonema</i>, <i>Laudatea</i>, <i>Rhipidonema</i>, and <i>Thelephora</i>), and reduced them to 5 species in the single genus <i>Dictyonema</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> This resulted in a rather diverse group of lichens that has since grown in size to more than 20 species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> There is, however, some recent debate over whether or not all of these species should be included in the same genus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="species">Species</h2> <p>As of October 2024<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dictyonema&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/facts/Species_Fungorum/rqBKYxlD">Species Fungorum</a> (in the <a href="/facts/Catalogue_of_Life/MzzX0VRf">Catalogue of Life</a>) accept 38 species in <i>Dictyonema</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i>Dictyonema aeruginosulum</i> Lücking, Nelsen & Will-Wolf (2013)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li><i>Dictyonema album</i> Lücking & Timdal (2016)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> – Africa</li> <li><i>Dictyonema andinum</i> V.Marcano (2022)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li><i>Dictyonema applanatum</i> Lücking, Dal-Forno & Wilk (2013)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> – Bolivia</li> <li><i>Dictyonema barbatum</i> Dal-Forno, Bungartz & Lücking (2017)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> – <a href="/facts/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands/pQ7g2hdN">Galápagos Islands</a></li> <li><i>Dictyonema caespitosum</i> (Johow) Lücking (2013)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li><i>Dictyonema coppinsii</i> Lücking, Barrie & Genney (2014)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> – Europe</li> <li><i>Dictyonema darwinianum</i> Dal-Forno, Bungartz & Lücking (2017)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> – Galápagos Islands</li> <li><i>Dictyonema diducens</i> Nyl. ex Lücking (2013)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li><i>Dictyonema discocarpum</i> Lücking, Dal-Forno & Wilk (2013)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> – Bolivia</li> <li><i>Dictyonema duidense</i> V.Marcano (2022)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li><i>Dictyonema giganteum</i> L.Y.Vargas, Moncada & Lücking (2014)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> – Colombia</li> <li><i>Dictyonema gomezianum</i> Lücking, Dal-Forno & Lawrey (2015)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li><i>Dictyonema guadalupense</i> (Rabenh. ex Sacc.) Zahlbr. (1908)</li> <li><i>Dictyonema hapteriferum</i> Lücking, Dal-Forno & Wilk (2013)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> – Bolivia</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Dictyonema_hernandezii/UdhRsFff">Dictyonema hernandezii</a></i> Lücking, Lawrey & Dal-Forno (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Dictyonema_huaorani/wNYKVBau">Dictyonema huaorani</a></i> Dal-Forno, Schmull, Lücking & Lawrey (2014)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li><i>Dictyonema irpicinum</i> Mont. (1848)</li> <li><i>Dictyonema irrigatum</i> (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Lücking (2013)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Dictyonema_krogiae/vMq421LI">Dictyonema krogiae</a></i> Lücking & Timdal (2016)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> – Africa</li> <li><i>Dictyonema laurae</i> V.Marcano (2022)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Dictyonema_lawreyi/6EYucmwJ">Dictyonema lawreyi</a></i> Dal Forno, Kaminsky & Lücking (2019)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li><i>Dictyonema ligulatum</i> (Kremp.) Zahlbr. (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Dictyonema_metallicum/kP7m15jT">Dictyonema metallicum</a></i> Lücking, Dal-Forno & Lawrey (2013)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li><i>Dictyonema moorei</i> (Nyl.) Henssen (1963)</li> <li><i>Dictyonema obscuratum</i> Lücking, A.A.Spielm. & Marcelli (2013)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li><i>Dictyonema pectinatum</i> Dal-Forno, Yánez & Lücking (2012)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> – Galápagos Islands</li> <li><i>Dictyonema phyllophilum</i> (Parmasto) Lücking, Dal-Forno & Lawrey (2013)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li><i>Dictyonema ramificans</i> Dal-Forno, Yánez-Ayabaca & Lücking (2017)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> – Galápagos Islands</li> <li><i>Dictyonema reticulatum</i> (Berk.) Zahlbr. (1931)</li> <li><i>Dictyonema scabridum</i> (Vain.) Lücking (2013)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li><i>Dictyonema subinvolutum</i> V.Marcano (2022)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li><i>Dictyonema subobscuratum</i> Dal-Forno, Bungartz & Lücking (2017)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> – Galápagos Islands</li> <li><i>Dictyonema subsericeum</i> V.Marcano (2022)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li><i>Dictyonema thelephora</i> (Spreng.) Zahlbr. (1931)</li> <li><i>Dictyonema tricolor</i> Lücking & Timdal (2016)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> – Africa</li> <li><i>Dictyonema umbricola</i> V.Marcano (2022)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li> <li><i>Dictyonema yunnanum</i> D.Liu, X.Y.Wang & Li S.Wang (2018)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> – China</li></ul> <h2 id="morphology-and-ecology">Morphology and ecology</h2> <p><i>Dictyonema</i> is a diverse group of lichens. There are species of a variety of different shapes, including <a href="/facts/Lichen/cfbt9vjj">foliose</a>, <a href="/facts/Crustose/QIe2TFvD">crustose</a>, and <a href="/facts/Lichen/cfbt9vjj">filamentous</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> Most species grow on soil, rock,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> moss,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> or rotting logs,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> but one species <a href="/facts/Foliicolous/sjCh120q">grows on the leaves of trees</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> Although species of <i>Dictyonema</i> are mainly tropical, they range from the tropical lowlands to an elevation of 4,300 m (14,100 ft) in the Andes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="evolutionary-relationships-and-lichenization">Evolutionary relationships and lichenization</h2> <p>The <i>Dictyonema</i> fungus is a <a href="/facts/Basidiomycota/LuFeC7D2">basidiomycete</a>, so it developed <a href="/facts/Lichen/cfbt9vjj">lichenization</a> independently from the <a href="/facts/Ascomycota/4GJdsf2e">ascomycete</a> lichens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> Within the basidiomycetes, <i>Dictyonema</i> is closely related to three other genera of basidiolichens that are also in the family <a href="/facts/Hygrophoraceae/MoMjIKox">Hygrophoraceae</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Lichenomphalia/J22Qq2NG">Lichenomphalia</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Acantholichen/xgl74R2S">Acantholichen</a></i>, and <i><a href="/facts/Cyphellostereum/YWnN5W3z">Cyphellostereum</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Molecular_phylogenetics/FysplHP5">molecular</a> data indicates that lichenization has evolved independently at least twice, and perhaps three times, within these four genera, which suggests that for some reason the fungi in Hygrophoraceae are predisposed to evolve into lichens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> The majority of the other, non-lichenized fungi in this family are <a href="/facts/Detritivore/nF1yXs9f">saprotrophic</a> (consuming decaying organic matter) or <a href="/facts/Mycorrhiza/bAqxvRwm">ectomycorrhizal</a> (symbiotic with plant roots), although numerous species, such as <i><a href="/facts/Arrhenia/hDT3nXuP">Arrhenia</a></i>, grow on mosses and derive nutrition from them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> It is not yet understood why these fungi are more inclined to become lichens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="traditional-use">Traditional use</h2> <p>An unidentified species of <i>Dictyonema</i> is called <i>nenendape</i> by the <a href="/facts/Huaorani/VQrTUs8L">Huaorani</a> people of <a href="/facts/Amazon_jungle/MGVatclX">Amazon jungle</a> of Ecuador. An <a href="/facts/Infusion/f5ECb9ry">infusion</a> made with this lichen is said to cause intense <a href="/facts/Hallucination/5eUvLcnp">hallucinations</a>, and it is used by the <a href="/facts/Shaman/Kq60HV3J">shaman</a> to call upon malevolent spirits to curse people. It is also used to cause sterility.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_Agaricales_genera/yTGLGaox">List of Agaricales genera</a></li></ul> <ul><li> Media related to Dictyonema at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Ertz, Damien; Lawrey, James D.; Sikaroodi, Masoumeh; Gillevet, Patrick M.; Fischer, Eberhard; Killmann, Dorothee; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël (2008). "A new lineage of lichenized basidiomycetes inferred from a two-gene phylogeny: The Lepidostromataceae with three species from the tropics". American Journal of Botany. 95 (12): 1548–1556. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800232. hdl:2268/22808. PMID 21628162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Hawksworth, DL, PM Kirk, BC Sutton, and DN Pegler. 1995. Dictionary of the fungi. CAB, Wallingford <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Lawrey, James D.; Lücking, Robert; Sipman, Harrie J.M.; Chaves, José L.; Redhead, Scott A.; Bungartz, Frank; Sikaroodi, Masoumeh; Gillevet, Patrick M. (2009). "High concentration of basidiolichens in a single family of agaricoid mushrooms (Basidiomycota: Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae)". Mycological Research. 113 (10): 1154–1171. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2009.07.016. PMID 19646529. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Kunth, CS, and CA Agardh. 1822. Synopsis Plantarum, Quas in Itinere ad Plagam Aequinoctialem Orbis Novi, Collegerunt Al. de Humboldt et Am. Bonpland (Paris). Volume 1, pg. 1. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Parmasto, E. (1978). "The genus Dictyonema ('Thelephorolichenes')". Nova Hedwigia. 29: 99–144. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Lawrey, James D.; Lücking, Robert; Sipman, Harrie J.M.; Chaves, José L.; Redhead, Scott A.; Bungartz, Frank; Sikaroodi, Masoumeh; Gillevet, Patrick M. (2009). "High concentration of basidiolichens in a single family of agaricoid mushrooms (Basidiomycota: Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae)". Mycological Research. 113 (10): 1154–1171. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2009.07.016. PMID 19646529. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Luis Chaves, José; Lücking, Robert; Sipman, Harrie J.M.; Umaña, Loengrin; Navarro, Enia (2004). "A First Assessment of the Ticolichen Biodiversity Inventory in Costa Rica: The Genus Dictyonema (Polyporales: Atheliaceae)". The Bryologist. 107 (2): 242–249. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2004)107[0242:AFAOTT]2.0.CO;2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Dictyonema". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 8 October 2024. <a href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/44ZM" target="_blank">https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/44ZM</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Lücking, Robert; Dal-Forno, Manuela; Lawrey, James D.; Bungartz, Frank; Rojas, María E. Holgado; Hernández M., Jesús E.; Marcelli, Marcelo P.; Moncada, Bibiana; Morales, Eduardo A.; Nelsen, Matthew P.; Paz, Elias; Salcedo, Luis; Spielmann, Adriano A.; Wilk, Karina; Will-Wolf, Susan; Yánez-Ayabaca, Alba (2013). "Ten new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Dictyonema and Cora (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), with a key to all accepted genera and species in the Dictyonema clade". Phytotaxa. 139 (1): 1–38. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.139.1.1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Lücking, R; Timdal, E. (2016). "New species of Dictyonema and Cyphellostereum (lichenized Basidiomycota: Hygrophoraceae) from tropical Africa and the Indian Ocean, dedicated to the late Hildur Krog". Willdenowia. 46 (1): 191–199. doi:10.3372/wi.46.46115. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3372%2Fwi.46.46115" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3372%2Fwi.46.46115</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Marcano, Vicente (2022). "Eight new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Acantholichen, Cyphellostereum and Dictyonema s.str. (Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae) from northern South America". Phytotaxa. 574 (3): 199–225. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.574.3.1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Lücking, Robert; Dal-Forno, Manuela; Wilk, Karina; Lawrey, James D. (2013). "Three new species of Dictyonema (lichenized Basidiomycota: Hygrophoraceae) from Bolivia". Acta Nova. 6: 4–16. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Dal Forno, Manuela; Bungartz, Frank; Yánez-Ayabaca, Alba; Lücking, Robert; Lawrey, James D. (2017). "High levels of endemism among Galapagos basidiolichens". Fungal Diversity. 85 (1): 45–73. doi:10.1007/s13225-017-0380-6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Lücking, Robert; Dal-Forno, Manuela; Lawrey, James D.; Bungartz, Frank; Rojas, María E. Holgado; Hernández M., Jesús E.; Marcelli, Marcelo P.; Moncada, Bibiana; Morales, Eduardo A.; Nelsen, Matthew P.; Paz, Elias; Salcedo, Luis; Spielmann, Adriano A.; Wilk, Karina; Will-Wolf, Susan; Yánez-Ayabaca, Alba (2013). "Ten new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Dictyonema and Cora (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), with a key to all accepted genera and species in the Dictyonema clade". Phytotaxa. 139 (1): 1–38. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.139.1.1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Lücking, Robert; Barrie, Fred R.; Genney, David (2014). "Dictyonema coppinsii, a new name for the European species known as Dictyonema interruptum (Basidiomycota: Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), with a validation of its photobiont Rhizonema (Cyanoprokaryota: Nostocales: Rhizonemataceae)". The Lichenologist. 46 (3): 261–267. doi:10.1017/s0024282913000352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Dal Forno, Manuela; Bungartz, Frank; Yánez-Ayabaca, Alba; Lücking, Robert; Lawrey, James D. (2017). "High levels of endemism among Galapagos basidiolichens". Fungal Diversity. 85 (1): 45–73. doi:10.1007/s13225-017-0380-6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Lücking, Robert; Dal-Forno, Manuela; Lawrey, James D.; Bungartz, Frank; Rojas, María E. Holgado; Hernández M., Jesús E.; Marcelli, Marcelo P.; Moncada, Bibiana; Morales, Eduardo A.; Nelsen, Matthew P.; Paz, Elias; Salcedo, Luis; Spielmann, Adriano A.; Wilk, Karina; Will-Wolf, Susan; Yánez-Ayabaca, Alba (2013). "Ten new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Dictyonema and Cora (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), with a key to all accepted genera and species in the Dictyonema clade". Phytotaxa. 139 (1): 1–38. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.139.1.1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Lücking, Robert; Dal-Forno, Manuela; Wilk, Karina; Lawrey, James D. (2013). "Three new species of Dictyonema (lichenized Basidiomycota: Hygrophoraceae) from Bolivia". Acta Nova. 6: 4–16. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Marcano, Vicente (2022). "Eight new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Acantholichen, Cyphellostereum and Dictyonema s.str. (Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae) from northern South America". Phytotaxa. 574 (3): 199–225. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.574.3.1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Vargas, Leidy Yasmín; Moncada, Bibiana; Lücking, Robert (2014). "Five new species of Cora and Dictyonema (Basidiomycota: Hygrophoraceae) from Colombia: chipping away at cataloging hundreds of unrecognized taxa". 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