Repoblación art and architecture

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
<p>The religious influences were inevitable given the presence of the  Islamic state of the <a href="/facts/Caliph_of_C%C3%B3rdoba/P92bAPPx">Caliph of Córdoba</a>, which was highly developed culturally, artistically and economically. However, it had long been suggested that the monumental buildings in northern Spain from this period were crafted by the modest groups of <a href="/facts/Mozarabs/LxWL4CGb">Mozarabic</a> immigrants that settled in the areas of repopulation when the living conditions in Muslim <a href="/facts/Al-Andalus/JTNmWTzP">al-Andalus</a> became difficult to bear. As stated by professor Isidro Bango Torviso, suggesting that these immigrants were responsible for these buildings would be akin to suggesting that:
</p>
<blockquote><p>when the Duero River Valley was repopulated under the auspices of the Asturian-<a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n/JC6aX6Kf">Leonese</a> kingdom, northerners settlers would have forsaken all their knowledge and experience and submitted themselves to the 'very rich and demonstrated creative capacity' of poor, rural southern immigrants.</p></blockquote>
<p>The art and architecture of the <i><a href="/facts/Repoblaci%C3%B3n/Cg2TUXzP">Repoblación</a></i> is identified as the third subset of the Hispanic <a href="/facts/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture/7ugH78fj">Pre-Romanesque</a> period, by the phases that correspond to the <a href="/facts/Visigothic_art_and_architecture/rmHIrgxr">Visigothic art and architecture</a> and <a href="/facts/Asturian_architecture/YhPky0gJ">Asturian architecture</a>. Its architecture is a summary of elements of diverse extraction, irregularly distributed, in such a way that on occasion elements of paleo-Christian, Visigothic or Asturian origin come to predominate, while at other times Muslim characteristics come to the fore.
</p>
<h2 id="characteristics">Characteristics</h2>

<p>Some of the identifying characteristics of the <i>Repoblación</i> ecclesiastic architecture are:
</p>
<ul><li>Basilica or centralized plan; sometimes with opposing <a href="/facts/Apse/lhgWFUz6">apses</a>.</li>
<li>Main chapel on a rectangular plan on the exterior and ultra-semicircular in the interior.</li>
<li>Use of the <a href="/facts/Horseshoe_arch/cpEWbHTS">horseshoe arch</a> of Muslim derivation, somewhat more closed and sloped than the Visigothic.</li>
<li>Generalized use of the horseshoe arch doorway or <a href="/facts/Alfiz/xsfb0w2s">alfiz</a>.</li>
<li>Use of the twin and triple windows of Asturian tradition.</li>
<li>Roofs composed of segmented <a href="/facts/Vault_(architecture)/HjLDot2V">vaults</a>, including traditional <a href="/facts/Barrel_vault/owxuMAwF">barrel vaults</a>.</li>
<li>Grouped <a href="/facts/Column/NDtghP75">columns</a> forming composite pillars, with <a href="/facts/Corinthian_order/2zCzPuH4">Corinthian capitals</a> decorated with stylized elements and cinctures joining the capital to the columns.</li>
<li>Walls re-enforced by exterior buttresses.</li>
<li>Evolution of rafter ornaments to great lobed offsets that support very pronounced eaves.</li>
<li>Decoration similar to the Visigothic based on volutes, <a href="/facts/Swastika/621c40UU">swastikas</a>, and vegetable and animal themes forming projecting borders.</li>
<li>A great command of the technique in construction, employing principally ashlar by <a href="/facts/Brickwork/Gt2lU5SJ">length and width</a>.</li>
<li>Absence or sobriety of exterior decoration.</li>
<li>Diversity in the floor plans, with small proportions and discontinuous spaces covered by <a href="/facts/Cupolas/qJUe2ckH">cupolas</a> (groined, segmented, ribbed of horseshoe transept, etc.).</li></ul>
<h2 id="featured-examples">Featured examples</h2>
<p>Below is a classification of temples of repoblación art into different groups based on their characteristics:
</p>
<h3>Mozarabic Art of León</h3>

<p>The <a href="/facts/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture/6mmRSAqK">Mozarabic art</a> of the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n/JC6aX6Kf">Kingdom of León</a> is the ensemble of repoblación art characterized by being the most refined of this period, reflecting cultural and stylistic contributions from the <a href="/facts/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba/P92bAPPx">Caliphate of Córdoba</a>. These influences are manifested in the perfectly executed <a href="/facts/Horseshoe_arch/cpEWbHTS">horseshoe arches</a>, the elaborate spatial articulations, and in some cases, as in the church of Santiago de Peñalba (León), in the presence of murals that evidence the aesthetic relationship with Andalusian art.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Santiago_de_Pe%C3%B1alba/byJ6UUGb">Church of Santiago de Peñalba</a> (<a href="/facts/Province_of_Le%C3%B3n/ncLnHnfe">León</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Monastery_of_San_Miguel_de_Escalada/W9Y78fLt">Monastery</a> of <a href="/facts/San_Miguel_de_Escalada/W9Y78fLt">San Miguel de Escalada</a> (<a href="/facts/Province_of_Le%C3%B3n/ncLnHnfe">León</a>)</li>
<li>Church of San Salvador de Palat del Rey (<a href="/facts/Province_of_Le%C3%B3n/ncLnHnfe">León</a>)</li>
<li>Hermitage of <a href="/facts/Santo_Tom%C3%A1s_de_las_Ollas/fQz6Yo3F">Santo Tomás de las Ollas</a> (<a href="/facts/Province_of_Le%C3%B3n/ncLnHnfe">León</a>)</li>
<li>Chapel of San Miguel of <a href="/facts/Celanova/7SJssThB">Celanova</a> (<a href="/facts/Province_of_Orense/Kywf50vP">Orense</a>)</li>
<li>Church of San Cipriano of <a href="/facts/San_Cebri%C3%A1n_de_Mazote/JlF1eDx4">San Cebrián de Mazote</a> (<a href="/facts/Province_of_Valladolid/bmDWNHHh">Valladolid</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Church_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(Lebe%C3%B1a)/AG9EltTd">Church of Santa María of Lebeña</a> (<a href="/facts/Cantabria/lDz1o6p0">Cantabria</a>)</li>
<li>Church of Santa María of Wamba (<a href="/facts/Province_of_Valladolid/bmDWNHHh">Valladolid</a>)</li></ul>
<h3>Churches of Serrablo</h3>

<p>The <a href="/facts/Serrablo_churches/b4U8DXps">Churches of Serrablo</a>, located in <a href="/facts/High_Aragon/PT65mXbx">High Aragon</a> and dated between the 10th and 11th centuries, bring together a group of churches with homogeneous characteristics and difficult classification, as they combine pre-Romanesque, Mozarabic, Lombard, and characteristics that anticipate the Romanesque, which is why it is also called Proto-Romanesque or Aragonese early Romanesque. These constructions usually have single-nave or simple division plans, horseshoe arches of Mozarabic influence, attached bell towers, and an incipient use of barrel vaults.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a>
</p>
<ul><li>Church of San Pedro de Lárrede (<a href="/facts/Province_of_Huesca/RvphcG7D">Huesca</a>)</li>
<li>Church of San Juan de Busa (<a href="/facts/Province_of_Huesca/RvphcG7D">Huesca</a>)</li>
<li>Church of San Bartolomé de Gavín (<a href="/facts/Province_of_Huesca/RvphcG7D">Huesca</a>)</li>
<li>Church of San Martín de Oliván (<a href="/facts/Province_of_Huesca/RvphcG7D">Huesca</a>)</li>
<li>Church of San Andrés de Satué (<a href="/facts/Province_of_Huesca/RvphcG7D">Huesca</a>)</li>
<li>Hermitage of San Juan Bautista de Rasal (<a href="/facts/Province_of_Huesca/RvphcG7D">Huesca</a>)</li></ul>
<h3>Churches of repoblación of difficult classification or transitional</h3>

<p>These churches present hybrid characteristics, combining Mozarabic contributions in temples of Visigothic origin and, in many cases, with later extensions during the Romanesque period. Notable examples include the <a href="/facts/Monastery_of_San_Mill%C3%A1n_de_Suso/D1w4AGlp">Monastery of San Millán de Suso</a> in La Rioja, which preserves Visigothic and Mozarabic traces along with Romanesque reforms, and the hermitage of <a href="/facts/San_Baudelio_de_Berlanga/dCatXtJ9">San Baudelio de Berlanga</a> in Soria, notable for its singular structure with a central column that supports a palm-shaped vault and its murals.
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Monastery_of_San_Mill%C3%A1n_de_Suso/D1w4AGlp">Monastery of San Millán de Suso</a> (<a href="/facts/La_Rioja_(Spain)/9rTTRHGo">La Rioja</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/San_Baudelio_de_Berlanga/dCatXtJ9">Hermitage of San Baudelio de Berlanga</a> (<a href="/facts/Caltojar/shX6HCcm">Caltojar</a>, <a href="/facts/Province_of_Soria/xxI6vNQD">Soria</a>)</li>
<li>Hermitage of San Román de Moroso (<a href="/facts/Arenas_de_Igu%C3%B1a/UkEgQ14A">Arenas de Iguña</a>, <a href="/facts/Cantabria/lDz1o6p0">Cantabria</a>)</li>
<li>Hermitage of Santa Céntola y Santa Elena (<a href="/facts/Valdelateja/rMURgqMe">Siero</a>, <a href="/facts/Province_of_Burgos/2aJqIQG4">Burgos</a>)</li>
<li>Church of San Vicente del Valle (<a href="/facts/Province_of_Burgos/2aJqIQG4">Burgos</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Monastery_of_San_Juan_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a/UGYMNnWR">Monastery of San Juan de la Peña</a> (<a href="/facts/Jaca/hlF5mxtY">Jaca</a>, <a href="/facts/Province_of_Huesca/RvphcG7D">Huesca</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Monastery_of_Leyre/18AGdeVk">Church of the Monastery of Leyre<i></i></a> (<a href="/facts/Navarre/49tTsw4A">Navarre</a>)</li>
<li>Monastery of San Salvador of <a href="/facts/T%C3%A1bara/yhCEW9N7">Tábara</a> (<a href="/facts/Province_of_Zamora/h6n32koR">Zamora</a>)</li>
<li>Church of San Quirico de Pedret (<a href="/facts/Province_of_Barcelona/9s68W6MR">Barcelona</a>)</li>
<li>Church of San Cristóbal of <a href="/facts/Cabrils/ubr4FGrK">Cabrils</a> (<a href="/facts/Province_of_Barcelona/9s68W6MR">Barcelona</a>)</li>
<li>Hermitage of San Julián de Boada (<a href="/facts/Province_of_Girona/541rHFKc">Gerona</a>)</li>
<li>Church of Santa María de Matadars (<a href="/facts/Province_of_Barcelona/9s68W6MR">Barcelona</a>)</li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages/V797vYLq">Spain in the Middle Ages</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Reconquista/N1yFfeWf">Reconquista</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<ul><li>Bango Torviso, Isidro G. "Arquitectura de la decima centuria: ¿Repoblación o mozárabe?" <i>Goya: Revista de arte</i> 122 (1974), pp. 68–75.</li>
<li>Bango Torviso, Isidro G. "Arquitectura de repoblación", pp. 167–216. In Javier Rivera Blanco, Francisco Javier de la Plaza Santiago and Simón Marchán Fiz (eds.), <i>Historia del arte de Castilla y León</i>, Vol. 1, Prehistoria, Edad Antigua y arte prerrománico. Valladolid, 1994.</li>
<li>Camón Aznar, J. "Arquitectura española del siglo X: Mozárabe y de la repoblación". <i>Goya: Revista de arte</i> 52 (1963), pp. 206–19.</li>
<li>Canellas López, Ángel; San Vicente, Ángel. <i>Rutas románicas de Aragón</i>. Madrid, 1996.</li>
<li>Martínez Tejera, Artemio Manuel. "El contraábside en la arquitectura de la repoblación: el grupo castellano-leonés",  pp. 57–76. <i>III Curso de Cultura Medieval. Seminario: Repoblación y Reconquista (Centro de Estudios del Románico, Aguilar de Campoo, septiembre 1991)</i>. Madrid, 1993.</li>
<li>Martínez Tejera, Artemio Manuel. "La arquitectura cristiana hispánica de los siglos IX y X en el <i>Regnum</i> Astur-leonés". <i>Argutorio</i> 14 (2004), pp. 9–12</li>
<li>Monedero Bermejo, Miguel Ángel. <i>La arquitectura de la repoblación en la provincia de Cuenca</i>. Cuenca, 1982.</li>
<li>Moreno, Manuel Gómez. <i>Iglesias mozárabes</i>. Madrid, 1917.</li>
<li>Utrero Agudo, María de los Ángeles. <i>Iglesias tardoantiguas y altomedievales en la península ibérica: análisis arqueológico y sistemas de abovedamiento</i>. Madrid, 2006.</li>
<li>Werckmeister, O. K. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WdXQnaME1gMC&pg=PA121">"Art of the Frontier: Mozarabic Monasticism"</a>, pp. 121–32. In <a href="/facts/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art/mLfcKgHF">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, <i>The Art of Medieval Spain, A.D. 500–1200</i>. New York, 1993.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Canellas López and San Vicente (1996), p. 93. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Villa del Castillo, Alejandro (2017-11-27), "Talleres escultóricos itinerantes en el Altomedievo hispano: el llamado 'Grupo Mozárabe Leonés'", Arqueología y Territorio Medieval, 24: 151–184, doi:10.17561/aytm.v24i0.5, ISSN 2386-5423, retrieved 2024-12-25 <a href="https://doi.org/10.17561/aytm.v24i0.5" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.17561/aytm.v24i0.5</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>"IGLESIAS RURALES COMARCA ALTO ARAGON - TIERRAS DE SERRABLO", www.jdiezarnal.com [se quitó una URL no válida], retrieved 2024-12-25 <a href="http://www.jdiezarnal.com/serrablo.html" target="_blank">http://www.jdiezarnal.com/serrablo.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>"RUTAS ROMANICAS POR LA COMARCA DEL ALTO GÁLLEGO-A.Garcia Omedes", www.romanicoaragones.com, retrieved 2024-12-25 <a href="https://www.romanicoaragones.com/5-MapaActivo/02Altogallego.htm" target="_blank">https://www.romanicoaragones.com/5-MapaActivo/02Altogallego.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

Repoblación art and architecture open-in-new

Repoblación art and architecture