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Meconopsis
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<h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p>The genus <i>Meconopsis</i> and its species have a complex taxonomic history. A European species was first described in 1753 by <a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Carl Linnaeus</a> as <i><a href="/facts/Papaver_cambricum/R8W2YGfY">Papaver cambricum</a></i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> commonly known as the Welsh poppy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> It has a <a href="/facts/Stigma_(botany)/JEQ85ChP">style</a>, while all other then described <i>Papaver</i> species lacked one, having only a "stigmatic disc" (i.e. a disc-shaped region on the top of the <a href="/facts/Ovary_(botany)/Qug4yDY4">ovary</a> receptive to <a href="/facts/Pollen/eqRP052I">pollen</a>). On the basis of this difference, in 1814, Louis Viguier transferred <i>P. cambricum</i> to his new genus <i>Meconopsis</i> as <i>Meconopsis cambrica</i>, then the only species. Later, when mainly blue-flowered poppy-like species with styles like the Welsh poppy were discovered in the <a href="/facts/Himalayas/eRSf0yyE">Himalayas</a> and neighbouring regions, they were also placed in the genus <i>Meconopsis</i>. However, <a href="/facts/Molecular_phylogenetics/FysplHP5">molecular phylogenetic</a> studies from 1995 onwards showed that the Welsh poppy was not closely related to the Himalayan species, but rather to <i>Papaver</i> species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> In 2011, Kadereit <i>et al.</i> proposed that Linnaeus's original name should be restored.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> However, as <i>Meconopsis cambrica</i> was the <a href="/facts/Type_species/kL03T6V4">type species</a> of the genus <i>Meconopsis</i>, if the Welsh poppy was moved back to <i>Papaver</i>, all the Himalayan species would have to be placed in this genus as well. In 2012, it was proposed that <i>Meconopsis</i> should become a <a href="/facts/Conserved_name/mkxSYX2Q">conserved name</a>, with the new type <i>Meconopsis regia</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> This proposal has been accepted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h3>Phylogeny</h3> <p>Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that the <a href="/facts/Old_World/jt02swyQ">Old World</a> members of the subfamily Papaveroideae form a monophyletic clade. However, they have sometimes left relationships within this clade unresolved. A 2014 study found that neither <i>Meconopsis</i> nor <i>Papaver</i> were monophyletic. <i>Meconopsis</i> was split into two clades, a large one which the authors called section <i>Eumeconopsis</i>, and a smaller one, <i>Meconopsis</i> sect. <i>Eucathcartia</i>, containing four of the species included in the study.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>Clade I – <i>Meconopsis</i> section <i>Eumeconopsis</i> – most <i>Meconopsis</i> species</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>Clade II – <i>Papaver</i> section <i>Meconella</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>Clade III – <i>Papaver</i> section <i>Argemonidium</i> plus <i>Roemeria</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>Clade IV – remaining <i>Papaver</i> species, including <i>P. cambricum</i>, plus <i>Stylomecon</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>Clade V – <i>Meconopsis</i> sect. <i>Eucathcartia</i> – four species in the study</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An alternative <a href="/facts/Cladogram/fWFYhUFo">cladogram</a> resolves Clade III as the sister of Clades I and II. It was suggested that the generic name <i>Meconopsis</i> should be retained for Clade I, and Clade V should be treated as the genus <i>Cathcartia</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> This would still leave <i>Papaver</i> non-monophyletic. An alternative approach, adopted by <a href="/facts/Plants_of_the_World_Online/2m4CsqY0">Plants of the World Online</a> and since largely reversed, was to sink <i>Meconopsis</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Roemeria/phgwJz3k">Roemeria</a></i>, <i>Stylomecon</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Cathcartia/X50N27u0">Cathcartia</a></i> into <i>Papaver</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h3>Sections</h3> <p>In 2017, Xiao and Simpson raised <i>Meconopsis</i> sect. <i>Eucathcartia</i> (Clade V) to the genus <i>Cathcartia</i>. On the basis of a further molecular phylogenetic study they divided <i>Meconopsis</i> into four sections.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i>Meconopsis</i> sect. <i>Meconopsis</i></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Meconopsis_autumnalis/wwcCFmPY">Meconopsis autumnalis</a></i> P.A.Egan</li> <li><i>Meconopsis chankheliensis</i> Grey-Wilson</li> <li><i>Meconopsis dhwojii</i> G.Taylor</li> <li><i>Meconopsis discigera</i> Prain</li> <li><i>Meconopsis ganeshensis</i> Grey-Wilson</li> <li><i>Meconopsis gracilipes</i> G.Taylor</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Meconopsis_manasluensis/QnTGL27h">Meconopsis manasluensis</a></i> P A.Egan</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Meconopsis_napaulensis/y9GHGnMA">Meconopsis napaulensis</a></i> DC.</li> <li><i>Meconopsis paniculata</i> Prain</li> <li><i>Meconopsis pinnatifolia</i> C.Y.Wu & H.Chuang ex L.H.Zhou</li> <li><i>Meconopsis regia</i> G.Taylor</li> <li><i>Meconopsis robusta</i> Hook.f. & Thomson</li> <li><i>Meconopsis simikotensis</i> Grey-Wilson</li> <li><i>Meconopsis staintonii</i> Grey-Wilson</li> <li><i>Meconopsis superba</i> King ex Prain</li> <li><i>Meconopsis taylorii</i> L.H.J.Williams</li> <li><i>Meconopsis tibetica</i> Grey-Wilson</li> <li><i>Meconopsis torquata</i> Prain</li> <li><i>Meconopsis violacea</i> Kingdon-Ward</li> <li><i>Meconopsis wallichii</i> Hook.</li> <li><i>Meconopsis wilsonii</i> Grey-Wilson</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Meconopsis</i> sect. <i>Aculeatae</i> Fedde</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Meconopsis_aculeata/zlzm1heE">Meconopsis aculeata</a></i> Royle</li> <li><i>Meconopsis bikramii</i> Aswal (doubtfully placed here)</li> <li><i>Meconopsis concinna</i> Prain</li> <li><i>Meconopsis delavayi</i> Franch. Ex Prain</li> <li><i>Meconopsis forrestii</i> Prain</li> <li><i>Meconopsis georgei</i> G.Taylor</li> <li><i>Meconopsis henrici</i> Bureau & Franch.</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Meconopsis_horridula/DacvG39b">Meconopsis horridula</a></i> Hook.f. & Thomson</li> <li><i>Meconopsis impedita</i> Prain</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Meconopsis_lancifolia/WxRUMmV5">Meconopsis lancifolia</a></i> Franch.</li> <li><i>Meconopsis latifolia</i> Prain</li> <li><i>Meconopsis muscicola</i> Tosh.Yoshida, H.Sun & Boufford</li> <li><i>Meconopsis neglecta</i> G.Taylor</li> <li><i>Meconopsis pseudovenusta</i> G.Taylor</li> <li><i>Meconopsis pulchella</i> Tosh.Yoshida, H.Sun & Bouford</li> <li><i>Meconopsis venusta</i> Prain</li> <li><i>Meconopsis yaoshanensis</i> Tosh.Yoshida, H.Sun & Boufford</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Meconopsis</i> sect. <i>Primulinae</i> Fedde</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Meconopsis argemonantha</i> Prain</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Meconopsis_bella/MRxphMpv">Meconopsis bella</a></i> Prain</li> <li><i>Meconopsis florindae</i> Kingdon-Ward</li> <li><i>Meconopsis lyrata</i> (H.A.Cummins & Prain) Fedde</li> <li><i>Meconopsis primulina</i> Prain</li> <li><i>Meconopsis sinuata</i> Prain</li> <li><i>Meconopsis wumungensis</i> K.M.Feng</li> <li><i>Meconopsis zang-nanensis</i> L.H.Zhou</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Meconopsis</i> sect. <i>Grandes</i> Fedde</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Meconopsis_betonicifolia/4LhfSRTR">Meconopsis betonicifolia</a></i> Franch.</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Meconopsis_biloba/sWmE1qA9">Meconopsis biloba</a></i> L.Z.An, Shu Y.Chen & Y.S.Lian</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Meconopsis_grandis/w4JDbb9a">Meconopsis grandis</a></i> Prain</li> <li><i>Meconopsis integrifolia</i> (Maxim.) Franch.</li> <li><i>Meconopsis punicea</i> Maxim.</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Meconopsis_quintuplinervia/sWmE1qA9">Meconopsis quintuplinervia</a></i> Regel</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Meconopsis_simplicifolia/tWWPNbAu">Meconopsis simplicifolia</a></i> (D.Don) Walp.</li> <li><i>Meconopsis sherriffii</i> G.Taylor</li></ul> <p>A further species was described after Xiao and Simpson's classification:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Meconopsis_gakyidiana/AtYoYCl1">Meconopsis gakyidiana</a></i> Tosh.Yoshida, Yangzom & D.G.Long</li></ul> <p>Xiao and Simpson placed four former <i>Meconopsis</i> species in the genus <i>Cathcartia</i>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i>Cathcartia chelidonifolia</i> (Bureau & Franch.) Grey-Wilson = <i>Meconopsis chelidoniifolia</i> Bureau & Franch.</li> <li><i>Cathcartia oliveriana</i> (Franch. ex Prain) Grey-Wilson = <i>Meconopsis oliveriana</i> Franch. ex Prain</li> <li><i>Cathcartia smithiana</i> Hand.-Mazz. = <i>Meconopsis smithiana</i> (Hand.-Mazz.) G.Taylor ex Hand.-Mazz.</li> <li><i>Cathcartia villosa</i> Hook.f. = <i><a href="/facts/Meconopsis_villosa/qy8yvmME">Meconopsis villosa</a></i> (Hook.f.) G.Taylor</li></ul> <h2 id="cultivation">Cultivation</h2> <p>Himalayan varieties have the reputation for being difficult to grow from seed, but when germinating new plants, using fresh seeds will help. These plants are available in a variety of strong colours, including blue, red, orange, purple, white and yellow depending on species and cultivar. </p><p>All meconopsis require an acid or neutral <a href="/facts/Soil_pH/D9G9ChcT">soil pH</a>, in a partially shaded sheltered position. </p> <h3>Cultivars</h3> <p>The following cultivars, of mixed or uncertain heritage, have won the <a href="/facts/Royal_Horticultural_Society/QrtXmlUo">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="/facts/Award_of_Garden_Merit/zQ4Ya8S6">Award of Garden Merit</a>:- </p> <ul><li>'Bobby Masterton' (Infertile Blue Group)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>'Dalemain' (George Sherriff Group)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>'Keillour'<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>'Marit'<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>'Mop-Head' (Fertile Blue Group)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li>'Mrs Jebb' (Infertile Blue Group)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li>'P.C. Abildgaard' (Infertile Blue Group)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li>'Slieve Donard' (Infertile Blue Group)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li>'Susan's Reward' (George Sherriff Group)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Pests and diseases</h3> <p>In the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>, <i>Meconopsis</i> has been affected by the invasive golden root mealybug.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Damping_off/f0JqX8NY">Damping off</a> may occur on seedling grown plants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meconopsis. <ul><li><a href="http://www.meconopsis.org/">Meconopsis.org</a> specialized website - includes further links</li> <li><a href="http://meconopsisworld.blogspot.co.uk/search?q=meconopsis">[1]</a> A <i>Meconopsis</i> visual reference guide</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Viguier, L.G.A. (1814). Histoire Naturelle, médicale et économique des Pavots et des Argémones (D.Med. thesis) (in French and Latin). University of Montpellier. Retrieved 2021-02-02. pp. 48–49. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ns1AAAAAcAAJ&q=Histoire+Naturelle,+m%C3%A9dicale+et+%C3%A9conomique+des+Pavots+et+des" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Ns1AAAAAcAAJ&q=Histoire+Naturelle,+m%C3%A9dicale+et+%C3%A9conomique+des+Pavots+et+des</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Papaver cambricum L." The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2021-01-31. <a href="https://www.ipni.org/n/673433-1" target="_blank">https://www.ipni.org/n/673433-1</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Kadereit, Joachim W.; Preston, Chris D. & Valtueña, Francisco J. (2011). "Is Welsh Poppy, Meconopsis cambrica (L.) Vig. (Papaveraceae), truly a Meconopsis?". New Journal of Botany. 1 (2): 80–88. Bibcode:2011NJBot...1...80K. doi:10.1179/204234811X13194453002742. S2CID 84167424. <a href="/wiki/New_Journal_of_Botany" target="_blank">/wiki/New_Journal_of_Botany</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Liu, Yu-Cheng; Liu, Ya-Nan; Yang, Fu-Sheng & Wang, Xiao-Quan (2014). "Molecular Phylogeny of Asian Meconopsis Based on Nuclear Ribosomal and Chloroplast DNA Sequence Data". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e104823. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j4823L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104823. PMC 4130606. PMID 25118100. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Kadereit, Joachim W.; Preston, Chris D. & Valtueña, Francisco J. (2011). "Is Welsh Poppy, Meconopsis cambrica (L.) Vig. (Papaveraceae), truly a Meconopsis?". New Journal of Botany. 1 (2): 80–88. Bibcode:2011NJBot...1...80K. doi:10.1179/204234811X13194453002742. S2CID 84167424. <a href="/wiki/New_Journal_of_Botany" target="_blank">/wiki/New_Journal_of_Botany</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Grey-Wilson, Christopher (2012). "Proposal to conserve the name Meconopsis (Papaveraceae) with a conserved type". Taxon. 61 (2): 473–474. doi:10.1002/tax.612026. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Meconopsis Vig.". The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2021-01-31. <a href="https://www.ipni.org/n/30149252-2" target="_blank">https://www.ipni.org/n/30149252-2</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Liu, Yu-Cheng; Liu, Ya-Nan; Yang, Fu-Sheng & Wang, Xiao-Quan (2014). "Molecular Phylogeny of Asian Meconopsis Based on Nuclear Ribosomal and Chloroplast DNA Sequence Data". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e104823. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j4823L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104823. PMC 4130606. PMID 25118100. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Liu, Yu-Cheng; Liu, Ya-Nan; Yang, Fu-Sheng & Wang, Xiao-Quan (2014). "Molecular Phylogeny of Asian Meconopsis Based on Nuclear Ribosomal and Chloroplast DNA Sequence Data". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e104823. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j4823L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104823. PMC 4130606. PMID 25118100. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Papaver L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-02-02. <a href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000445-2" target="_blank">https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000445-2</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Xiao, Wei & Simpson, Beryl B. (2017). "A New Infrageneric Classification of Meconopsis (Papaveraceae) Based on a Well-supported Molecular Phylogeny". Systematic Botany. 42 (2): 226–233. doi:10.1600/036364417X695466. S2CID 91152469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Yangzom, Rinchen; Long, David; Yoshida, Toshio (2017-01-17). "Dancing Butterflies of the East Himalayas New Meconopsis Species from East Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh and South Tibet". Sibbaldia: The International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture (14): 69–96. doi:10.24823/Sibbaldia.2016.193. <a href="https://doi.org/10.24823%2FSibbaldia.2016.193" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.24823%2FSibbaldia.2016.193</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Xiao, Wei & Simpson, Beryl B. (2017). "A New Infrageneric Classification of Meconopsis (Papaveraceae) Based on a Well-supported Molecular Phylogeny". Systematic Botany. 42 (2): 226–233. doi:10.1600/036364417X695466. S2CID 91152469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Meconopsis 'Bobby Masterton' (Infertile Blue Group)". RHS. Retrieved 6 January 2021. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/178680/Meconopsis-(Infertile-Blue-Group)-Bobby-Masterton/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/178680/Meconopsis-(Infertile-Blue-Group)-Bobby-Masterton/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Meconopsis 'Dalemain' (George SHerriff Group)". RHS. Retrieved 6 January 2021. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/240754/Meconopsis-(George-Sherriff-Group)-Dalemain/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/240754/Meconopsis-(George-Sherriff-Group)-Dalemain/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Meconopsis 'Keillour'". RHS. Retrieved 6 January 2021. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/215203/Meconopsis-Keillour/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/215203/Meconopsis-Keillour/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Meconopsis 'Marit'". RHS. Retrieved 6 January 2021. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/239150/Meconopsis-Marit/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/239150/Meconopsis-Marit/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Meconopsis 'Mop-Head' (Fertile Blue Group)". RHS. Retrieved 6 January 2021. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/285970/Meconopsis-(Fertile-Blue-Group)-Mop-head/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/285970/Meconopsis-(Fertile-Blue-Group)-Mop-head/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Meconopsis 'Mrs Jebb' (Infertile Blue Group)". RHS. Retrieved 6 January 2021. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/153113/Meconopsis-(Infertile-Blue-Group)-Mrs-Jebb/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/153113/Meconopsis-(Infertile-Blue-Group)-Mrs-Jebb/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Meconopsis 'P.C. Abildgaard' (Infertile Blue Group)". RHS. Retrieved 6 January 2021. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/282105/Meconopsis-(Infertile-Blue-Group)-P-C-Abildgaard/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/282105/Meconopsis-(Infertile-Blue-Group)-P-C-Abildgaard/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Meconopsis 'Slieve Donard' (Infertile Blue Group)". RHS. Retrieved 6 January 2021. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/174995/Meconopsis-(Infertile-Blue-Group)-Slieve-Donard/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/174995/Meconopsis-(Infertile-Blue-Group)-Slieve-Donard/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Meconopsis 'Susan's Reward' (George Sherriff Group)". RHS. Retrieved 6 January 2021. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/294756/Meconopsis-(George-Sherriff-Group)-Susan-s-Reward/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/294756/Meconopsis-(George-Sherriff-Group)-Susan-s-Reward/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Malumphy, Chris; Stevens, Evelyn; Williams, Douglas J (2014). "First European record of Chryseococcus arecae (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Stemorrhyncha, Pseudococcidae), a hypogeal mealybug pest of ornamental plants". Entomologist's Gazette. 65: 30–36. Retrieved 4 October 2018. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290581505" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290581505</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"Meconopsis". Royal Horticultural Society. 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=946" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=946</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>