Computer case

<h2 id="sizes-and-terminology">Sizes and terminology</h2>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Comparison_of_computer_form_factors/2voHRBem">Comparison of computer form factors</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/Desktop_computer/edFPINdK">Desktop computer § Form factor</a>

Cases can come in many different sizes and shapes, which are usually determined by the <a href="/facts/Form_factor_(design)/pbWg5yAR">form factor</a> of the <a href="/facts/Motherboard/GXB10heG">motherboard</a> since it is physically the largest hardware component in most computers. Consequently, personal computer form factors typically specify only the internal dimensions and layout of the case. Form factors for <a href="/facts/Rack-mounted/yFvLAnBg">rack-mounted</a> and <a href="/facts/Blade_server/Eo9gKdnU">blade servers</a> may include precise external dimensions as well since these cases must themselves fit in specific enclosures.
For example, a case designed for an <a href="/facts/ATX/lzxcKxLF">ATX</a> motherboard and <a href="/facts/Power_supply_unit/4A8zBRHn">power supply unit</a> (PSU) may take on several external forms such as a vertical <a href="/facts/Computer_tower/edFPINdK">tower</a> (designed to sit on the floor, height > width), a flat <a href="/facts/Desktop_computer/edFPINdK">desktop</a> (height < width) or <a href="/facts/Pizza_box_form_factor/QTeRJA7I">pizza box</a> (height ≤ 5 cm or 2 in) designed to sit on the desk under the computer's <a href="/facts/Computer_monitor/NRaTDFHc">monitor</a>). Full-size tower cases are typically larger in volume than desktop cases, with more room for <a href="/facts/Drive_bay/kb4WHh3g">drive bays</a>, <a href="/facts/Expansion_slot/QkWAPnxJ">expansion slots</a>, and custom or all-in-one (AIO) water cooling solutions. Desktop cases—and mini-tower cases under about 46 cm (18 in) high—are popular in business environments where space is at a premium.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a>

Currently, the most popular form factor for desktop computers is ATX, although <a href="/facts/MicroATX/PftkYN3W">microATX</a> and <a href="/facts/Small_form_factor_(desktop_and_motherboard)/HmzVBWJH">small form factors</a> have also become very popular for a variety of uses. In the high-end segment, the unofficial and loosely defined XL-ATX specification appeared around 2009. It extends the length of the mainboard to accommodate four graphics cards with dual-slot coolers. Some XL-ATX mainboards increase the mainboard's width as well, to allow more space for the CPU, Memory PWM, and in some cases, a second CPU socket. While the market share of these exotic high-end mainboards is very low, almost all high-end cases and many mainstream cases support XL-ATX (10 expansion slots). As of 2018, no major motherboard manufacturer has made an XL-ATX board for several years. E-ATX is similar to XL-ATX in that it is larger than ATX and is also loosely defined. Unlike XL-ATX, E-ATX motherboards and cases are still in production (as of 2020), and support quad-channel memory across 8 slots of ram, up to 4 PCI-e expansion slots for up to 4 double slot graphics cards and a single CPU such as the AMD Ryzen Threadripper 3990X.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> Companies like <a href="/facts/In_Win_Development/7Phty0UD">In Win Development</a>, <a href="/facts/Shuttle_Inc./0FJhERsL">Shuttle Inc.</a> and <a href="/facts/Acer_(company)/HQ3INX1c">AOpen</a> originally popularized small cases, for which <a href="/facts/FlexATX/qpHXVvsD">FlexATX</a> was the most common[dubious – discuss] motherboard size. As of 2010 <a href="/facts/Mini_ITX/NFezD2Sn">Mini ITX</a> has widely replaced <a href="/facts/FlexATX/qpHXVvsD">FlexATX</a> as the most common small form factor mainboard standard. The latest mini ITX mainboards from <a href="/facts/Asus/134Qobfp">Asus</a>, <a href="/facts/Gigabyte/s2hb2SEg">Gigabyte</a>, <a href="/facts/Micro-Star_International/LRMfX1DC">MSI</a>, <a href="/facts/ASRock/G0sPkRBL">ASRock</a>, <a href="/facts/Zotac/PsLfHnCY">Zotac</a> and <a href="/facts/Foxconn/m9AhavBF">Foxconn</a> offer the same feature set as full size mainboards. High-end mini ITX mainboards support standard desktop CPUs, use standard memory DIMM sockets, and mostly feature a full-size PCI-E 16× slot with support for the fastest graphics cards, although some instead use a PCI, or PCIe slot of fewer than 16 lanes. This allows customers to build a fully-fledged high-end computer in a significantly smaller case. <a href="/facts/Apple_Inc./oTJYta3k">Apple Inc.</a> has also produced the <a href="/facts/Mac_Mini/fVAgG2eN">Mac Mini</a> computer, which is similar in size to a standard CD-ROM drive, and many manufacturers offer mini-ITX cases of similar size for low-wattage CPUs with integrated graphics.

See also: <a href="/facts/Computer_tower/edFPINdK">Computer tower</a>
Tower cases are often categorized as mini-tower, midi-tower, mid-tower, or full-tower. The terms are subjective and inconsistently defined by different manufacturers.
Full tower cases are typically 56 cm (22 in) or more in height and intended to stand on the floor. They can have anywhere from six to ten externally accessible drive bays. These cases were originally developed to house <a href="/facts/File_server/4SFrAdHY">file servers</a> which would typically be tasked with serving data from expensive CD-ROM databases that held more data than the hard drives commonly available at the time. Hence, many full tower cases include locking doors and other physical security features to prevent theft of the discs. However, as computing technology moves from <a href="/facts/Floppy_disk/rShxfuxa">floppy disks</a> and <a href="/facts/CD-ROM/JwuaYLJv">CD-ROMs</a> to large capacity hard drives, <a href="/facts/USB_flash_drives/Jv0qmTCF">USB flash drives</a>, and network-based solutions, more recent full tower cases typically only have none, one, or two external bays for CD drives, with the internal bays moved elsewhere in the case to improve airflow. Today, full tower cases are commonly used by enthusiasts as showpiece display cases with custom water cooling, lighting, and tempered glass (replacing acrylic).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> They may also hold two computers (as is the case with the Corsair 1000D) and dual power supplies (Corsair 900D).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
Mid-tower cases are smaller, about 46 cm (18 in) high with two to four external bays. They may also hold two computers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>
A mini-tower case will typically have only one or two external bays.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
The marketing term midi-tower sometimes refers to cases smaller than mid-tower but larger than mini-tower, typically with two to three external bays.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> Other times the term may be synonymous with mid-tower.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>

<h2 id="layout">Layout</h2>
Computer cases usually include sheet metal enclosures for a <a href="/facts/Power_supply_unit_(computer)/3nvssXFG">power supply unit</a> and <a href="/facts/Drive_bays/kb4WHh3g">drive bays</a>, as well as a rear panel that can accommodate <a href="/facts/Peripheral/3lEBPE14">peripheral</a> connectors protruding from the motherboard and <a href="/facts/Expansion_slot/QkWAPnxJ">expansion slots</a>. Most cases also have a power button or switch, a <a href="/facts/Reset_button/lp5YztX0">reset button</a>, and <a href="/facts/LED/gE8x4MDb">LEDs</a> to indicate power, hard drive activity, and network activity in some models. Some cases include built-in I/O ports (such as <a href="/facts/USB/XcIKWLyg">USB</a> and headphone ports) on the front of the case. Such a case will also (normally) include the wires needed to connect these ports, switches, and indicators to the motherboard.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>

<h3>Major component locations</h3>
<ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Motherboard/GXB10heG">motherboard</a> is usually screwed to the case along its largest face, which could be the bottom or the side of the case depending on its form factor and orientation.</li>
<li>Form factors such as <a href="/facts/ATX/lzxcKxLF">ATX</a> provide a back panel with cut-out holes to expose <a href="/facts/I/O_port/PmLNFq01">I/O ports</a> provided by <a href="/facts/Integrated_peripheral/GXB10heG">integrated peripherals</a>, as well as <a href="/facts/Expansion_slot/QkWAPnxJ">expansion slots</a> which may optionally expose additional ports provided by <a href="/facts/Expansion_card/QkWAPnxJ">expansion cards</a>. Many larger ATX cases can also be used with motherboards of other form factors.</li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Power_supply_unit_(computer)/3nvssXFG">power supply unit</a> mounting point differs from case to case, but the most commonly used locations (both at the rear of the case) and their advantages/disadvantages are:
<ul><li>The top of the case, usually allowing the PSU's built-in fan to act as an auxiliary exhaust fan but causes the PSU to be fed air heated by the internal components of the case, thus causing PSU efficiency and lifespan degradation.</li>
<li>The bottom of the case, with an (often filtered) vent in the bottom of the case allowing the PSU to draw cool air from the outside.</li></ul></li>
<li>Regardless of the mounting position, the PSU will usually be attached to the case with four <a href="/facts/Screw/Rr0k38TC">screws</a> to support its weight.</li>
<li>Most cases include <a href="/facts/Drive_bay/kb4WHh3g">drive bays</a> on the front of the case; a typical ATX case includes <a href="/facts/5.25%22/rShxfuxa">5.25"</a>, <a href="/facts/3.5%22/rShxfuxa">3.5"</a> and 2.5" bays. In modern computers, the 5.25" bays are used for <a href="/facts/Optical_drive/IM9ugGbU">optical drives</a>, the 3.5" bays are used for <a href="/facts/Hard_drive/kekLSGSE">hard drives</a> and <a href="/facts/Card_reader/zql4fN7a">card readers</a>, and the 2.5" bays are used for <a href="/facts/Solid-state_drives/aMHBy8gU">solid-state drives</a>.</li>
<li>Buttons and LEDs are typically located on the front of the case; some cases include additional I/O ports, temperature, and processor speed monitors in the same area.</li>
<li>Vents are often found on the front, back, top, left side panel, and sometimes on the right-side panel of the case. Regardless of their placement, their purpose is either to let cool air into the case or to let hot air out. Larger vents usually allow <a href="/facts/Computer_fan/yDmyl4XI">cooling fans</a> to be mounted via surrounding threaded screw holes. Newer cases include mountings for larger 120 mm or 140 mm cooling fans for quieter operation than the 80 mm fans formerly common.</li>
<li>An I/O template, or I/O plate, fits around the motherboard's back panel of external ports. Sometimes provided by the case manufacturer, it is often replaced by the one that comes with the motherboard.</li></ul>
<h3>Internal access</h3>
Accessing the interior components of a modern <a href="/facts/ATX/lzxcKxLF">ATX</a> tower case is done by removing the side panels. Looking front-to-back, accessing the motherboard, PSU, drive bays, and most case fan installation points are done by removing the left side panel.
Removing the right-side panel is done less often to access the space behind the motherboard mounting plate. This space is devoted to cable management, as cables routed in front of the motherboard may disrupt the flow of air within the case causing increased temperatures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> <a href="/facts/BTX_(form_factor)/Lx0eD17G">BTX</a>, an uncontemporary standard, has the main side panel on the right side as opposed to the left. Some upside-down designed ATX cases are also accessed by removing the right-side panel door.
Alternatively, the case may have a single large U-shaped cover that saddles the chassis. This was ubiquitous in <a href="/facts/AT_form_factor/Vka1A9jG">AT</a> tower cases.
To prevent the buildup of performance-degrading dust within the case, many models feature dust filters in front of the air intake fans. While the exact method of accessing the front filters depends on the case model, it usually requires the removal of the entire front panel. Removal of the front panel itself may or may not require the removal of one or both of the side panels. If there is any doubt, consult the user's manual if possible.
Traditionally, most computer cases required <a href="/facts/Computer_case_screws/thzh62xg">computer case screws</a> to hold components and panels in place (i.e. motherboard, PSU, drives, and expansion cards). From the early 2000s onwards there is a trend towards tool-less cases, in which components are held together with snap-in plastic rails, thumbscrews, and other methods that do not require tools; this facilitates quick assembly and modification of computer hardware and is also cheaper to manufacture.

<h2 id="appearance">Appearance</h2>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Case_modding/8CcIFTKm">Case modding</a>
Throughout the 1990s, most computer cases had simple rectangular shapes, and were often painted <a href="/facts/Beige/y5N8TPz1">beige</a> or <a href="/facts/White/L2qjm4G0">white</a> with little attention given to the visual design. <a href="/facts/Beige_box/hxwFt9MH">Beige box</a> designs are still found on a large number of budget computers assembled from generic components. These class of machines are now known as <a href="/facts/White_box_(computer_hardware)/Q4we2vbm">white box computers</a>, even though the cases for these types of machines are now generally colored black or silver instead of beige. More modern computer cases include a much wider range of variation in shape, color, form factor, and materials, such as brushed aluminium and/or tempered glass which are offered with more expensive cases.
Case modding is the artistic styling of computer cases, often to draw attention to the use of advanced or unusual components. Since the early 2000s, some cases have included clear side panels or acrylic windows so that users can look inside while it is operating. Modded cases may also include colored internal lighting, custom paint, or <a href="/facts/Watercooling/XLrzhCJS">liquid cooling systems</a>. Some hobbyists build custom cases from raw materials like aluminum, steel, <a href="/facts/Styrofoam/ULtGBPUN">styrofoam</a>, acrylic, or wood.
Historically, cases used CCFL lighting<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> and eventually single color LEDs as strips or in fans to illuminate their interior; modern cases use RGB LED lighting instead, often incorporated into case fans. To improve airflow while allowing RGB fans to be visible, many cases as of 2020 use metal meshes, without any external bays.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> Many include a PSU shroud and vertical gpu mounts. Some used to include holes to support external water cooling radiators.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> Cases with side windows may have side fans (on the window) as well, although it is uncommon for cases with glass windows to have side fans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>

<h3>Case manufacturers</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_computer_hardware_manufacturers/PIU2T66l">List of computer hardware manufacturers § Computer cases</a>
Prominent <a href="/facts/After-market_(general)/0cr7h6yo">after-market</a> case manufacturers include <a href="/facts/Antec/m9rVEefL">Antec</a>, <a href="http://www.bitfenix.com/">BitFenix</a>, <a href="/facts/Cooler_Master/dMFQy1hz">Cooler Master</a>, <a href="/facts/Corsair_Gaming/j2VtnjdF">Corsair</a>, <a href="/facts/Fractal_Design/rKgEtdhI">Fractal Design</a>, <a href="/facts/In_Win_Development/7Phty0UD">In Win Development</a>, <a href="/facts/Lian_Li/sKl1jQC5">Lian Li</a>, <a href="/facts/NZXT_Corp./4kDTR3n6">NZXT Corp.</a>, <a href="/facts/Phanteks/qEvYRlB2">Phanteks</a>, <a href="/facts/Rosewill/leAyUT42">Rosewill</a>, and <a href="/facts/Thermaltake/LGQyqJTI">Thermaltake</a>, (DIY PC)

<h2 id="intrusion-detection">Intrusion detection</h2>
Some computer cases include a <a href="/facts/Momentary_switch/vqbNDgYm">biased switch</a> (<a href="/facts/Push-button/ezRenR1v">push-button</a>) which connects to the motherboard. When the case is opened, the switch position changes, and the system records this change. The system's <a href="/facts/Firmware/62UVKIUK">firmware</a> or <a href="/facts/BIOS/AYYPUogS">BIOS</a> may be configured to report this event the next time it is powered on. This physical <a href="/facts/Intrusion_detection/mAw24Fyo">intrusion detection</a> system may help computer owners detect tampering with their computers. However, most such systems are quite simple in construction; a knowledgeable intruder can open the case or modify its contents without triggering the switch.
In the past, many tower cases (including full tower cases) intended to house <a href="/facts/File_server/4SFrAdHY">file servers</a> featured a <a href="/facts/Round-key_lock/DslegmrD">locking</a> door covering the external drive bays. This was a security feature intended to prevent the theft of the <a href="/facts/CD-ROM/JwuaYLJv">CD-ROM</a> discs the drives would be holding. At the time, CD-ROM capacity was larger than the hard disks available, and many business-critical databases were distributed on this media. These databases were often very expensive or held proprietary data, and hence would be likely targets for casual theft.

<h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_computer_hardware/Gg0UkuqW">List of computer hardware</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/3D_printing/lbvWU3t0">3D printing</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_computer_hardware_manufacturers/PIU2T66l">List of computer hardware manufacturers</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Novena_(computing_platform)/207pXfoR">Novena</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Thermally_Advantaged_Chassis/8qb6CSCc">Thermally Advantaged Chassis</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/VIA_OpenBook/9MAQFElp">VIA OpenBook</a> open case design standard.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Computer_cooling/nG6gYYcm">Computer cooling</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Computer_fan/yDmyl4XI">Computer fan</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081108034536/http://www.formfactors.org/formfactor.asp">Chassis Form Factors</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
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<li id="fn:17">Linus Tech Tips (2016-02-08), Cable Management – Does it impact cooling performance? At all?..., archived from the original on 2021-12-22, retrieved 2018-08-11 <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDCMMf-_ASE" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDCMMf-_ASE</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Maximum PC". October 2004. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xwIAAAAAMBAJ&q=computer+case+ccfl&pg=PT23" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=xwIAAAAAMBAJ&q=computer+case+ccfl&pg=PT23</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"GN Awards Show: Best & Worst PC Cases of 2019 (Thermals, Quality, Noise)". <a href="https://www.gamersnexus.net/guides/3534-gn-awards-show" target="_blank">https://www.gamersnexus.net/guides/3534-gn-awards-show</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"Phanteks P300A Case Review vs. P400A, NR600, & More: Thermals, Noise, Fans". <a href="https://www.gamersnexus.net/hwreviews/3579-phanteks-p300a-case-review-benchmark-vs-p400a#!/ccomment" target="_blank">https://www.gamersnexus.net/hwreviews/3579-phanteks-p300a-case-review-benchmark-vs-p400a#!/ccomment</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">"NZXT H440 Case Specs – Includes PSU Shroud; Video Preview & Hands-On". <a href="https://www.gamersnexus.net/news/1282-nzxt-h440-case-specs-psu-shroud" target="_blank">https://www.gamersnexus.net/news/1282-nzxt-h440-case-specs-psu-shroud</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"The Pros and Cons of Vertical Graphics Card Mounts". <a href="https://custompc.raspberrypi.org/articles/the-pros-and-cons-of-vertical-graphics-card-mounts" target="_blank">https://custompc.raspberrypi.org/articles/the-pros-and-cons-of-vertical-graphics-card-mounts</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"Fact-Check: CableMod's Vertical GPU Thermals vs. Stock Case". <a href="https://www.gamersnexus.net/guides/3324-fact-check-cablemod-vertical-gpu-thermals-vs-stock-h500m" target="_blank">https://www.gamersnexus.net/guides/3324-fact-check-cablemod-vertical-gpu-thermals-vs-stock-h500m</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"Maximum PC". July 2006. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgIAAAAAMBAJ&q=pc+case+external+radiator&pg=PA38" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=cgIAAAAAMBAJ&q=pc+case+external+radiator&pg=PA38</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"Maximum PC". August 2006. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RQIAAAAAMBAJ&q=pc+case+external+radiator&pg=PA52" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=RQIAAAAAMBAJ&q=pc+case+external+radiator&pg=PA52</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">"The Basics of Case Fan Placement – How Many Fans and Where?". <a href="https://www.gamersnexus.net/guides/692-how-many-case-fans-should-you-have" target="_blank">https://www.gamersnexus.net/guides/692-how-many-case-fans-should-you-have</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Computer case open-in-new

Computer case