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PHF8
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<h2 id="function">Function</h2> <p>PHF8 belongs to the family of ferrous iron and <a href="/facts/Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent_hydroxylases/qBNFoe1w">alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases</a> superfamily.,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> and is active as a <a href="/facts/Histone_lysine_demethylase/GzzaHAIC">histone lysine demethylase</a> with selectivity for the di-and monomethyl states.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> PHF8 induces an EMT (epithelial to mesenchymal transition)-like process by upregulating key EMT transcription factors SNAI1 and ZEB1. </p> <h2 id="regulation-during-differentiation">Regulation during differentiation</h2> <p>PHF8 was found to be expressional increased during endothelial differentiation and significantly decreased during cardial differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="clinical-significance">Clinical significance</h2> <p>Mutations in PHF8 cause Siderius type <a href="/facts/X-linked_intellectual_disability/wW7XKQbx">X-linked intellectual disability</a> (XLMR) (<a href="/facts/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man/PkW3zCCU">OMIM</a>: <a href="https://omim.org/entry/300263">300263</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> In addition to moderate <a href="/facts/Intellectual_disability/IuuYXdT1">intellectual disability</a>, features of the Siderius-Hamel syndrome include facial dysmorphism, <a href="/facts/Cleft_lip/CoLE8Wbu">cleft lip</a> and/or cleft palate, and in some cases <a href="/facts/Microcephaly/lv4QGEIa">microcephaly</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> A chromosomal <a href="/facts/Microdeletion/6TRPY0ys">microdeletion</a> on Xp11.22 encompassing all of the <i>PHF8</i> and <i>FAM120C</i> genes and a part of the <i>WNK3</i> gene was reported in two brothers with <a href="/facts/Autism_spectrum_disorder/bzouRyMI">autism spectrum disorder</a> in addition to Siderius-type XLMR and <a href="/facts/Cleft_lip_and_palate/CoLE8Wbu">cleft lip and palate</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>This catalytic activity is disrupted by clinically known mutations to <i>PHF8</i>, which were found to cluster in its catalytic JmjC domain. The F279S mutation of PHF8, found in 2 Finnish brothers with mild <a href="/facts/Intellectual_disability/IuuYXdT1">intellectual disability</a>, facial <a href="/facts/Dysmorphism/ohWXvXQ7">dysmorphism</a> and <a href="/facts/Cleft_lip/palate/CoLE8Wbu">cleft lip/palate</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> was found to additionally prevent <a href="/facts/Nuclear_localisation/7Scmc4jV">nuclear localisation</a> of PHF8 overexpressed in human cells.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>The catalytic activity of PHF8 depends on molecular <a href="/facts/Oxygen/acyn6o8r">oxygen</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> a fact considered important with respect to reports on increased incidence of <a href="/facts/Cleft_lip/palate/CoLE8Wbu">cleft lip/palate</a> in mice that have been exposed to <a href="/facts/Hypoxia_(medical)/JWV04G89">hypoxia</a> during <a href="/facts/Pregnancy/vEKYGpep">pregnancy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> In humans, <a href="/facts/Fetal/evocHd0Y">fetal</a> cleft lip and other <a href="/facts/Congenital_abnormalities/ESfzQhTx">congenital abnormalities</a> have also been linked to maternal hypoxia, as caused by e.g. <a href="/facts/Smoking_and_pregnancy/K62dBH12">maternal smoking</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> heavy maternal <a href="/facts/Alcohol_use_disorder/KGPzpChp">alcohol use</a>, or maternal <a href="/facts/Hypertension/wlAvBfcf">hypertension</a> treatment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=PHF8+protein%2C+human">PHF8+protein,+human</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/facts/Medical_Subject_Headings/C57g2JuF">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <p><i>This article incorporates text from the <a href="/facts/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine/Hzty0MCX">United States National Library of Medicine</a>, which is in the <a href="/facts/Public_domain/YWKMDKw4">public domain</a>.</i> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Entrez Gene: PHF8 PHD finger protein 8". <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=23133" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=23133</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Loenarz C, Schofield CJ (Mar 2008). "Expanding chemical biology of 2-oxoglutarate oxygenases". Nature Chemical Biology. 4 (3): 152–6. doi:10.1038/nchembio0308-152. PMID 18277970. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Loenarz C, Ge W, Coleman ML, Rose NR, Cooper CD, Klose RJ, et al. (Jan 2010). "PHF8, a gene associated with cleft lip/palate and mental retardation, encodes for an Nepsilon-dimethyl lysine demethylase". Human Molecular Genetics. 19 (2): 217–22. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddp480. PMC 4673897. PMID 19843542. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4673897" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4673897</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Boeckel JN, Derlet A, Glaser SF, Luczak A, Lucas T, Heumüller AW, et al. (July 2016). "JMJD8 Regulates Angiogenic Sprouting and Cellular Metabolism by Interacting With Pyruvate Kinase M2 in Endothelial Cells". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 36 (7): 1425–1433. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.116.307695. PMID 27199445. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2FATVBAHA.116.307695" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1161%2FATVBAHA.116.307695</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Siderius LE, Hamel BC, van Bokhoven H, de Jager F, van den Helm B, Kremer H, et al. (Jul 1999). "X-linked mental retardation associated with cleft lip/palate maps to Xp11.3-q21.3". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 85 (3): 216–20. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990730)85:3<216::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-X. PMID 10398231. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-8628%2819990730%2985%3A3%3C216%3A%3AAID-AJMG6%3E3.0.CO%3B2-X" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-8628%2819990730%2985%3A3%3C216%3A%3AAID-AJMG6%3E3.0.CO%3B2-X</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"OMIM: Siderius X-linked mental retardation syndrome". Retrieved 2009-10-21. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=300263" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=300263</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"OMIM: PHD finger protein 8; PHF8". Retrieved 2009-10-21. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=300560" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=300560</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Abidi F, Miano M, Murray J, Schwartz C (Jul 2007). "A novel mutation in the PHF8 gene is associated with X-linked mental retardation with cleft lip/cleft palate". Clinical Genetics. 72 (1): 19–22. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00817.x. PMC 2570350. PMID 17594395. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2570350" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2570350</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Laumonnier F, Holbert S, Ronce N, Faravelli F, Lenzner S, Schwartz CE, et al. (Oct 2005). "Mutations in PHF8 are associated with X linked mental retardation and cleft lip/cleft palate". Journal of Medical Genetics. 42 (10): 780–6. doi:10.1136/jmg.2004.029439. PMC 1735927. PMID 16199551. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1735927" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1735927</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Koivisto AM, Ala-Mello S, Lemmelä S, Komu HA, Rautio J, Järvelä I (Aug 2007). "Screening of mutations in the PHF8 gene and identification of a novel mutation in a Finnish family with XLMR and cleft lip/cleft palate". Clinical Genetics. 72 (2): 145–9. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00836.x. PMID 17661819. S2CID 23326755. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Qiao Y, Liu X, Harvard C, Hildebrand MJ, Rajcan-Separovic E, Holden JJ, et al. (Aug 2008). "Autism-associated familial microdeletion of Xp11.22". Clinical Genetics. 74 (2): 134–44. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.01028.x. PMID 18498374. S2CID 22008997. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Koivisto AM, Ala-Mello S, Lemmelä S, Komu HA, Rautio J, Järvelä I (Aug 2007). "Screening of mutations in the PHF8 gene and identification of a novel mutation in a Finnish family with XLMR and cleft lip/cleft palate". Clinical Genetics. 72 (2): 145–9. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00836.x. PMID 17661819. S2CID 23326755. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Loenarz C, Ge W, Coleman ML, Rose NR, Cooper CD, Klose RJ, et al. (Jan 2010). "PHF8, a gene associated with cleft lip/palate and mental retardation, encodes for an Nepsilon-dimethyl lysine demethylase". Human Molecular Genetics. 19 (2): 217–22. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddp480. PMC 4673897. PMID 19843542. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4673897" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4673897</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Loenarz C, Ge W, Coleman ML, Rose NR, Cooper CD, Klose RJ, et al. (Jan 2010). "PHF8, a gene associated with cleft lip/palate and mental retardation, encodes for an Nepsilon-dimethyl lysine demethylase". Human Molecular Genetics. 19 (2): 217–22. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddp480. PMC 4673897. PMID 19843542. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4673897" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4673897</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Millicovsky G, Johnston MC (Sep 1981). "Hyperoxia and hypoxia in pregnancy: simple experimental manipulation alters the incidence of cleft lip and palate in CL/Fr mice". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 78 (9): 5722–3. Bibcode:1981PNAS...78.5722M. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.9.5722. PMC 348841. PMID 6946511. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC348841" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC348841</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Shi M, Wehby GL, Murray JC (Mar 2008). "Review on genetic variants and maternal smoking in the etiology of oral clefts and other birth defects". Birth Defects Research. Part C, Embryo Today. 84 (1): 16–29. doi:10.1002/bdrc.20117. PMC 2570345. PMID 18383123. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2570345" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2570345</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Hurst JA, Houlston RS, Roberts A, Gould SJ, Tingey WG (Oct 1995). "Transverse limb deficiency, facial clefting and hypoxic renal damage: an association with treatment of maternal hypertension?". Clinical Dysmorphology. 4 (4): 359–63. doi:10.1097/00019605-199510000-00013. PMID 8574428. S2CID 6330050. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>