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Macroethics and microethics
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<h2 id="examples">Examples</h2> <p>For example, in the medical setting of end of life issues, the macroethical considerations may include abstract reflections on the nature of <a href="/facts/Life_and_death/T4x1l4jt">life and death</a> and high level principles about the “sacredness” or otherwise of life, the nature of <a href="/facts/Personhood/B0VsAMo5">personhood</a> and the relevance and ethical force of competing consequences. By contrast, the microethical processes relate to the internal details of the interactive engagements between the doctor and the patient, including non-linguistic and <a href="/facts/Affective/jEQ6IWSm">affective</a> responses, often signified by small adjustments in facial expressions, posture, tone of voice or choice of words, and the great variety of meanings and values and which both participants call. </p><p>Ethical considerations in <a href="/facts/Biomedicine/DWFT3MFG">biomedicine</a>, engineering and other technical professions include issues relating both to large societal problems<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> and to particular professions and professional conduct. Pharmaceuticals present particular macroethical challenges. <a href="/facts/Drug_design/XAU0Ke3d">Drug designers</a> seek to prevent and treat diseases by modifying of stem cells and producing targeting drugs that have specific targeting mechanisms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> However, the application of drugs or other therapeutic techniques also requires specific examination of the needs of individual patients, including their health conditions, their cultural preferences, their personal values and those of their families, and economic and other considerations. The negotiation of these latter considerations occurs within the field of microethics. </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Vallero D.A. (2007). Beyond responsible conduct in research: new pedagogies to address macroethics of nanobiotechnologies J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2007;17(1):1–12. <a href="/wiki/Nanobiotechnologies" target="_blank">/wiki/Nanobiotechnologies</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Komesaroff PA (1995). "From macroethics to microethics". In Komesaroff PA (ed.). Critical Perspectives on Postmodernism, Medical Ethics, and the Body. Duke University Press. ASIN B00HMJUEOY. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Komesaroff PA, Experiments in love and death. Australia, University of Western Australia Press, 2008 <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Komesaroff PA, Riding a crocodile: A physician’s tale. Australia, University of Western Australia Press, 2014 <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Husserl E. Ideas. The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1975 <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Otherwise than Being or Beyond Essence, translated by Alphonso Lingis, The Hague/Boston/London, M. Nijhoff, 1981 <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Bassingthwaighte J.B. The macro-ethics of genomics to health: the physiome project. Comptes Rendus Biologies. 2003 Oct–Nov;326(10–11):1105–10. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Herkert, J.R. (2004). Microethics, Macroethics, and Professional Engineering Societies. In National Academy of Engineering, Emerging Technologies and Ethical Issues in Engineering: Papers from a Workshop, October 14–15, 2003. ISBN 978-0-309-09271-5 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>