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Cassiopeia A
open-in-new
<h2 id="possible-observations">Possible observations</h2> <p>Calculations working back from the currently observed expansion point to an explosion that would have become visible on Earth around 1667. Astronomer William Ashworth and others have suggested that the <a href="/facts/Astronomer_Royal/GTCk0QaQ">Astronomer Royal</a> <a href="/facts/John_Flamsteed/hptRt6IK">John Flamsteed</a> may have inadvertently observed the supernova on 16 August [<a href="/facts/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates/kb3020Wy">O.S.</a> 6 August] 1680, when he catalogued a sixth-magnitude star 3 Cassiopeiae, but there is no corresponding star at the recorded position. Possible explanations include an error in the position,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> or that a transient was recorded. <a href="/facts/Caroline_Herschel/b0jouFmG">Caroline Herschel</a> noted that a star in the vicinity of <a href="/facts/Tau_Cassiopeiae/qyKfATU1">τ Cas</a>, HD 220562, fit well with 3 Cas if a common error in sextant readings was made.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Alternatively, the star <a href="/facts/AR_Cassiopeiae/73xQjWml">AR Cassiopeiae</a> may have been observed, again with the position recorded incorrectly. The position and timing mean that it may have been an observation of the Cassiopeia A progenitor supernova.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Another suggestion from recent cross-disciplinary research is that the supernova was the "noon day star", observed in 1630, that was thought to have heralded the birth of <a href="/facts/Charles_II_of_England/Acc7cFtF">Charles II</a>, the future monarch of Great Britain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>However, it is more probable that the "noon day star" was the planet <a href="/facts/Venus_(planet)/pADnueP6">Venus</a> that reached its maximum morning brightness two days earlier, allowing day time visibility in a clear sky. A bright supernova in Cassiopeia would have been visible for months and there would be more observation records as Cassiopeia is visible above the horizon any night in Europe. </p><p>No supernova occurring within the <a href="/facts/Milky_Way/ulF6lccN">Milky Way</a> has been visible to the naked eye from Earth since. </p> <h2 id="expansion">Expansion</h2> <p>The expansion shell has a temperature of around 30 million <a href="/facts/Kelvin/E3trzC4C">K</a>, and is expanding at 4,000−6,000 km/s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>Observations of the exploded star through the <a href="/facts/Hubble_Space_Telescope/NQeIf0vw">Hubble Space Telescope</a> have shown that, despite the original belief that the remnants were expanding in a uniform manner, there are high velocity outlying eject knots moving with transverse velocities of 5,500−14,500 km/s with the highest speeds occurring in two nearly opposing jets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> When the view of the expanding star uses colors to differentiate materials of different chemical compositions, it shows that similar materials often remain gathered together in the remnants of the explosion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="radio-source">Radio source</h2> <p>Cas A had a flux density of 2720 ± 50 <a href="/facts/Jansky/8m8DQU5F">Jy</a> at 1 <a href="/facts/Hertz/6Wshj5qm">GHz</a> in 1980.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Because the supernova remnant is cooling, its flux density is decreasing. At 1 GHz, its flux density is decreasing at a rate of 0.97 ± 0.04 percent per year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> This decrease means that, at frequencies below 1 GHz, Cas A is now less intense than <a href="/facts/Cygnus_A/wwmFp660">Cygnus A</a>. Cas A is still the brightest extrasolar <a href="/facts/Astronomical_radio_source/FEJFMcI8">radio source</a> in the sky at frequencies above 1 GHz. </p> <h2 id="x-ray-source">X-ray source</h2> <p>Although Cas X-1 (or Cas XR-1), the apparent first X-ray source in the <a href="/facts/Constellation/nBQqgW8A">constellation</a> <a href="/facts/Cassiopeia_(constellation)/1SvXVyPT">Cassiopeia</a> was not detected during the 16 June 1964, <a href="/facts/Aerobee/2Y6J8k7v">Aerobee</a> <a href="/facts/Sounding_rocket/em1GgGND">sounding rocket</a> flight, it was considered as a possible source.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Cas A was scanned during another Aerobee rocket flight of 1 October 1964, but no significant X-ray flux above background was associated with the position.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Cas XR-1 was discovered by an Aerobee rocket flight on 25 April 1965,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> at <a href="/facts/Right_ascension/z4CEsTFu">RA</a> 23h 21m <a href="/facts/Declination/5X4S4k9u">Dec</a> +58° 30′.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Cas X-1 is Cas A, a Type II SNR at <a href="/facts/Right_ascension/z4CEsTFu">RA</a> 23h 18m <a href="/facts/Declination/5X4S4k9u">Dec</a> +58° 30′.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The designations Cassiopeia X-1, Cas XR-1, Cas X-1 are no longer used, but the X-ray source is Cas A (<a href="/facts/Supernova_remnant/tYboe2n4">SNR</a> G111.7-02.1) at 2U 2321+58. </p><p>In 1999, the <a href="/facts/Chandra_X-Ray_Observatory/zU89xG3a">Chandra X-Ray Observatory</a> found CXOU J232327.8+584842,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> a <a href="/facts/Central_compact_object/MVyhBTxy">central compact object</a> that is the <a href="/facts/Neutron_star/4enfoxBA">neutron star</a> remnant left by the explosion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="supernova-reflected-echo">Supernova reflected echo</h2> <p>In 2005 an infrared echo of the Cassiopeia A explosion was observed on nearby gas clouds using <a href="/facts/Spitzer_Space_Telescope/Ic1xXIYb">Spitzer Space Telescope</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> The infrared echo was also seen by <a href="/facts/IRAS/MaYMxytq">IRAS</a> and studied with the <a href="/facts/Spitzer_Space_Telescope/Ic1xXIYb">Infrared Spectrograph</a>. Previously it was suspected that a flare in 1950 from a central <a href="/facts/Pulsar/f8c7S5LQ">pulsar</a> could be responsible for the infrared echo. With the new data it was concluded that this is unlikely the case and that the infrared echo was caused by thermal emission by dust, which was heated by the radiative output of the supernova during the shock breakout.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The infrared echo is accompanied by a scattered <a href="/facts/Light_echo/eKxpP2yd">light echo</a>. The recorded spectrum of the optical light echo proved the supernova was of <a href="/facts/Type_IIb_supernova/623d9YYT">Type IIb</a>, meaning it resulted from the internal collapse and violent explosion of a massive <a href="/facts/Star/PFbd6ICx">star</a>, most probably a <a href="/facts/Red_supergiant/hPBWvABE">red supergiant</a> with a helium core which had lost almost all of its hydrogen envelope. This was the first observation of the light echo of a supernova whose explosion had not been directly observed which opens up the possibility of studying and reconstructing past astronomical events.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> In 2011 a study used spectra from different positions of the light echo to confirm that the Cassiopeia A supernova was <a href="/facts/Supernova/Pfo2J23l">asymmetric</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="phosphorus-detection">Phosphorus detection</h2> <p>In 2013, astronomers detected <a href="/facts/Phosphorus/27xCeIqs">phosphorus</a> in Cassiopeia A, which confirmed that this element is produced in supernovae through <a href="/facts/Supernova_nucleosynthesis/rbzAja5z">supernova nucleosynthesis</a>. The phosphorus-to-<a href="/facts/Iron/QK1JYy8E">iron</a> ratio in material from the supernova remnant could be up to 100 times higher than in the Milky Way in general.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_supernova_remnants/GGrMzCx1">List of supernova remnants</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Light_echo/eKxpP2yd">Light echo</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cassiopeia A. <ul><li><a href="/facts/Kimberly_Arcand/4Q1tvXar">Arcand, Kimberly K.</a>; Jiang, Elaine; Price, Sara; Watzke, Megan; Sgouros, Tom; Edmonds, Peter (15 December 2018). "Walking through an exploded star: Rendering supernova remnant Cassiopeia A into virtual reality". <i>Communicating Astronomy with the Public Journal</i>. 24: 17. <a href="/facts/ArXiv_(identifier)/H6EtgnBe">arXiv</a>:<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.06237">1812.06237</a>. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CAPJ...24...17A">2018CAPJ...24...17A</a>.</li> <li><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/7814351.stm">"3D visualisation of Cassiopeia A"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/BBC_News/oGAe2H8E">BBC News</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/supernova-remnant-cassiopeia-a-99219993de9f4f0e811abd56dce6d288">"Virtual reality and augmented reality model viewer to explore a 3D hydrodynamic model of supernova remnant Cassiopeia A"</a>. <a href="/facts/Sketchfab/PWg76JL6">Sketchfab</a>; <a href="/facts/INAF/8yNXzGjz">INAF</a>-<a href="/facts/Osservatorio_Astronomico_di_Palermo/0aDfKypA">Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo</a> (S. Orlando).</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Fesen, Robert A.; Hammell, Molly C.; Morse, Jon; Chevalier, Roger A.; Borkowski, Kazimierz J.; Dopita, Michael A.; Gerardy, Christopher L.; Lawrence, Stephen S.; Raymond, John C.; van den Bergh, Sidney (July 2006). "The expansion asymmetry and age of the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant". The Astrophysical Journal. 645 (1): 283–292. arXiv:astro-ph/0603371. Bibcode:2006ApJ...645..283F. doi:10.1086/504254. S2CID 8999768. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Stover, Dawn (2006). "Life in a bubble". Popular Science. Vol. 269, no. 6. p. 16. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Banich, Howard (December 2014). "A visual guide to the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant". Sky & Telescope. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Ryle, M.; Smith, F. G. (18 September 1948). "A new intense source of radio-frequency radiation in the constellation of Cassiopeia". Nature. 162 (4116): 462–463. Bibcode:1948Natur.162..462R. doi:10.1038/162462a0. S2CID 4028114. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" target="_blank">/wiki/Martin_Ryle</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Fabian, Andrew C. (2008). "A blast from the past". Astronomy. Science. 320 (5880): 1167–1168. doi:10.1126/science.1158538. PMID 18511676. S2CID 206513073. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" target="_blank">/wiki/Science_(journal)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Ashworth, W. B. (1980). "A Probable Flamsteed Observation of the Cassiopeia a Supernova". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 11: 1. Bibcode:1980JHA....11....1A. doi:10.1177/002182868001100102. 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