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Nuclear engineering
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Nuclear engineering was born in 1938, with the discovery of nuclear fission.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> The first <i>artificial</i> nuclear reactor, <a href="/facts/Chicago_Pile-1/YCHuT9Mm">CP-1</a>, was designed by a team of physicists who were concerned that <a href="/facts/German_nuclear_weapons_program/Eot0thNx">Nazi Germany</a> might also be seeking to build a bomb based on nuclear fission. (The earliest known nuclear reaction on Earth occurred <a href="/facts/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor/G7FIGsEV">naturally</a>, 1.7 billion years ago, in Oklo, Gabon, Africa.) The second artificial nuclear reactor, the <a href="/facts/X-10_Graphite_Reactor/xRUpAetD">X-10 Graphite Reactor</a>, was also a part of the <a href="/facts/Manhattan_Project/gtg8yRK2">Manhattan Project</a>, as were the <a href="/facts/Plutonium/4bUw9zH3">plutonium</a>-producing reactors of the <a href="/facts/Hanford_Engineer_Works/tAPrAEeR">Hanford Engineer Works</a>. </p><p>The first nuclear reactor to generate electricity was <a href="/facts/Experimental_Breeder_Reactor_I/NXLnHze4">Experimental Breeder Reactor I</a> (EBR-I), which did so near <a href="/facts/Arco%2c_Idaho/8W22FAL3">Arco</a>, Idaho, in 1951.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> EBR-I was a standalone facility, not connected to a grid, but a later Idaho research reactor in the <a href="/facts/BORAX_experiments/IqlDVuj6">BORAX</a> series did briefly supply power to the town of Arco in 1955. </p><p>The first commercial nuclear power plant, built to be connected to an electrical grid, is the <a href="/facts/Obninsk_Nuclear_Power_Plant/ocl5EDod">Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant</a>, which began operation in 1954. The second is the <a href="/facts/Shippingport_Atomic_Power_Station/PqfMVajc">Shippingport Atomic Power Station</a>, which produced electricity in 1957. </p><p>For a chronology, from the discovery of uranium to the current era, see <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/outline-history-of-nuclear-energy.aspx">Outline History of Nuclear Energy</a> or <a href="/facts/History_of_nuclear_power/WzqESEwd">History of Nuclear Power</a>. Also see <a href="http://History%20of%20Nuclear%20Engineering%20Part%201:%20Radioactivity">History of Nuclear Engineering Part 1: Radioactivity</a>, <a href="http://Part%202:%20Building%20the%20Bomb">Part 2: Building the Bomb</a>, and <a href="http://Part%203:%20Atoms%20for%20Peace">Part 3: Atoms for Peace</a>. </p><p>See <a href="/facts/List_of_commercial_nuclear_reactors/tW6yRs6d">List of Commercial Nuclear Reactors</a> for a comprehensive listing of nuclear power reactors and <a href="https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/WorldStatistics/OperationalReactorsByCountry.aspx">IAEA Power Reactor Information System (PRIS)</a> for worldwide and country-level statistics on nuclear power generation. </p> <h2 id="sub-disciplines">Sub-disciplines</h2> <p>Nuclear engineers work in such areas as the following:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nuclear_reactor/8xqjIbge">Nuclear reactor</a> design, which has evolved from the Generation I, <a href="/facts/Proof_of_concept/1YzUH8LJ">proof-of concept</a>, reactors of the 1950s and 1960s,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> to <a href="/facts/Generation_II_reactor/GmcWJqKz">Generation II</a>, <a href="/facts/Generation_III_reactor/zdlAzJDn">Generation III</a>, and <a href="/facts/Generation_IV_reactor/ywkkrQ5P">Generation IV</a> concepts</li> <li><a href="/facts/Thermal_hydraulics/2L4KxXM1">Thermal hydraulics</a> and <a href="/facts/Heat_transfer/1IV3WbFL">heat transfer</a>. In a typical <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_plant/IJj5pJUn">nuclear power plant</a>, heat generates steam that drives a steam turbine and a generator that produces electricity</li> <li><a href="/facts/Materials_science/N5HrXRYW">Materials science</a> as it relates to nuclear power applications</li> <li>Managing the <a href="/facts/Nuclear_fuel_cycle/flBannfd">nuclear fuel cycle</a>, in which <a href="/facts/Fissile_material/XJR9qoxW">fissile material</a> is obtained, formed into <a href="/facts/Nuclear_fuel/8RhAomlJ">fuel</a>, removed when <a href="/facts/Spent_nuclear_fuel/jWDWvJ6d">depleted</a>, and safely <a href="/facts/Radioactive_waste/MjYh5tlu">stored</a> or <a href="/facts/Nuclear_reprocessing/aTMUoYaW">reprocessed</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nuclear_propulsion/nYPc1mTy">Nuclear propulsion</a>, mainly for military naval vessels, but there have been concepts for aircraft and missiles. <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_space/fgMCeMsu">Nuclear power</a> has been used in space since the 1960s</li> <li><a href="/facts/Plasma_(physics)/1d3btMVU">Plasma physics</a>, which is integral to the development of <a href="/facts/Fusion_power/jyETSzm4">fusion power</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nuclear_weapon/QVdBcMdm">Weapons</a> development and management</li> <li>Generation of <a href="/facts/Radionuclide/5WpCfbdq">radionuclides</a>, which have applications in industry, medicine, and many <a href="/facts/Radionuclide/5WpCfbdq">other areas</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nuclear_waste_management/MjYh5tlu">Nuclear waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Health_physics/080AtWpP">Health physics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nuclear_medicine/L9Dzjd90">Nuclear medicine</a> and <a href="/facts/Medical_physics/VdCKDfeA">Medical Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Environment%2c_health_and_safety/kyqrrdN9">Health and safety</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Instrumentation_and_control_engineering/a3RWqF7S">Instrumentation and control engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Process_engineering/tgNFNxwD">Process engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Project_manager/GGLnKsyz">Project Management</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Quality_engineering/wvQ9dX8f">Quality engineering</a></li> <li>Reactor operations<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li>Nuclear security (detection of clandestine nuclear materials)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>Nuclear engineering even has a role in criminal investigation,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> and agriculture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li></ul> <p>Many <a href="/facts/Chemical_engineering/Fb64amQf">chemical</a>, <a href="/facts/Electrical_engineering/YYXW1KLW">electrical</a> and <a href="/facts/Mechanical_engineering/cbId4fye">mechanical</a> and other types of engineers also work in the nuclear industry, as do many scientists and support staff. In the U.S., nearly 100,000 people directly work in the nuclear industry. Including <a href="/facts/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy/X0sdl2dF">secondary sector</a> jobs, the number of people supported by the U.S. nuclear industry is 475,000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="employment">Employment</h2> <p>In the United States, nuclear engineers are employed as follows:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Electric power generation 25%</li> <li>Federal government 18%</li> <li>Scientific research and development 15%</li> <li>Engineering services 5%</li> <li>Manufacturing 10%</li> <li>Other areas 27%</li></ul> <p> Job prospects for nuclear engineers worldwide are not available, but the IAEA estimates that nuclear energy capacity will grow by 40% (an additional 514 GW(e) ) to 2.5 times current capacity (an additional 950 GW(e)) by 2050.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Countries with existing nuclear energy capacity and those actively exploring nuclear energy are listed in the following. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Country</th><th>Nuclear capabilities</th></tr><tr><td>Algeria</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Argentina</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/argentina.aspx">Nuclear Power in Argentina.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Armenia</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/armenia.aspx">Nuclear Power in Armenia</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Australia</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Nuclear_sector/7M9qFb9m">nuclear sector</a> and <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/australia.aspx">Australia's Uranium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Austria</td><td>"Austria operates one central radioactive waste management and interim storage facility –<p>Nuclear Engineering Seibersdorf GmbH (NES) for pre-disposal management includingtreatment, conditioning and interim storage of low- and intermediate level radioactive waste (LILW)."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Nuclear Engineering Seibersdorf GmbH (NES) collects, processes, conditions, and stores radioactive waste and does decontamination and decommissioning of nuclear facilities for the Republic of Austria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td>Azerbaijan</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Bangladesh</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/bangladesh.aspx">WNA:Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Bangladesh/7roAhhtE">Nuclear Power in Bangladesh</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Belarus</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/belarus.aspx">WNA:Belarus</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Belarus/tuTbVLUq">Nuclear Power in Belarus</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Belgium</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Belgium/p6Q64GBn">Nuclear Power in Belgium</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_sector/7M9qFb9m">nuclear sector</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Bolivia</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Botswana</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/uranium-in-africa.aspx">WNA: Uranium in Africa</a> and <a href="/facts/Uranium_in_Africa/C1q7XqWY">Uranium in Africa</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Brazil</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Nuclear_sector/7M9qFb9m">nuclear sector</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Brazil/4vwNy3vU">Nuclear Power in Brazil</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Bulgaria</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Nuclear_sector/7M9qFb9m">nuclear sector</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Bulgaria/HaB5982d">Nuclear Power in Bulgaria</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Burundi</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Cambodia</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Canada</td><td><a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/canada-nuclear-power.aspx">WNA: Nuclear Power in Canada</a>, <a href="/facts/Nuclear_sector/7M9qFb9m">nuclear sector</a>, and<p><a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Canada/WGK3p7Fn">Nuclear Power in Canada</a>.</p></td></tr><tr><td>Central African Republic</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/uranium-in-africa.aspx">WNA: Uranium in Africa</a> and <a href="/facts/Uranium_in_Africa/C1q7XqWY">Uranium in Africa</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Chile</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>China</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/china-nuclear-power.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in China</a>, and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_China/yD3UMTRD">Nuclear Power in China</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Congo, Democratic Republic</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/uranium-in-africa.aspx">WNA: Uranium in Africa</a> and <a href="/facts/Uranium_in_Africa/C1q7XqWY">Uranium in Africa</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Croatia</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/slovenia.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in Slovenia</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Croatia/rmFGn46h">Nuclear Power in Croatia</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Czech Republic</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/czech-republic.aspx">WNA: Nuclear Power in Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_the_Czech_Republic/awnQE4XE">Nuclear Power in the Czech Republic</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Cuba</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Denmark</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/denmark.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Energy in Denmark</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Denmark/RtX9Bp8h">Nuclear Power in Denmark</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Ecuador</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Egypt</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/press/press-statements/start-of-construction-of-egypt-s-first-nuclear-pow.aspx">Start of construction of Egypt's first nuclear power plant</a> and <a href="/facts/El_Dabaa_Nuclear_Power_Plant/Sdgt5S0T">El Dabaa Nuclear Power Plant</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Equatorial Guinea</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/uranium-in-africa.aspx">WNA: Uranium in Africa</a> and <a href="/facts/Uranium_in_Africa/C1q7XqWY">Uranium in Africa</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Estonia</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Ethiopia</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Finland</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/finland.aspx">WPA:Nuclear Power in Finland</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Finland/xRBWd0Kn">Nuclear Power in Finland</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>France</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/france.aspx">WPA:Nuclear Power in France</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_France/VDzYz3hV">Nuclear Power in France</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Gabon</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/uranium-in-africa.aspx">WNA: Uranium in Africa</a> and <a href="/facts/Uranium_in_Africa/C1q7XqWY">Uranium in Africa</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Georgia</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Germany</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/germany.aspx">WPA:Nuclear Power in Germany</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Germany/Fz24gbDN">Nuclear Power in Germany</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Ghana</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Guinea</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/uranium-in-africa.aspx">WNA: Uranium in Africa</a> and <a href="/facts/Uranium_in_Africa/C1q7XqWY">Uranium in Africa</a></td></tr><tr><td>Guyana</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Hungary</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/hungary.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in Hungary</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Hungary/nPNLkjfv">Nuclear Power in Hungary</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>India</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/india.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in India</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_India/y7Y6U9UV">Nuclear Power in India</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Indonesia</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/indonesia.aspx">WNPA:Nuclear Power in Indonesia</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Indonesia/KsATrzld">Nuclear Power in Indonesia</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Iran</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/iran.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in Iran</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Iran/NFCJJy84">Nuclear Power in Iran</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Israel</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Italy</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/italy.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in Italy</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Italy/nbGY9AVY">Nuclear Power in Italy</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Japan</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/focus/fukushima-daiichi-accident/japan-nuclear-power.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in Japan</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Japan/oBzqCkqo">Nuclear Power in Japan</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Jordan</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/jordan.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in Jordan</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Jordan/WHpqdAAy">Nuclear Power in Jordan</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Kazakhstan</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/kazakhstan.aspx">WNA:Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Kazakhstan/80BWqlfk">Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Kenya</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Korea, North</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_North_Korea/9pkHvD2q">Nuclear power in North Korea</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Korea, South</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/south-korea.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in South Korea</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_South_Korea/p4LyxHr8">Nuclear Power in South Korea</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Kyrgyzstan</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/kyrgyzstan.aspx">WNA:Uranium in Kyrgyzstan</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Laos</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Latvia</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Lithuania</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/lithuania.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in Lithuania</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Lithuania/2PQo7Prw">Nuclear Power in Lithuania</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Malawi</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/uranium-in-africa.aspx">WNA: Uranium in Africa</a> and <a href="/facts/Uranium_in_Africa/C1q7XqWY">Uranium in Africa</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Malaysia</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Mali</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Mauritania</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Mexico</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/mexico.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in Mexico</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Mexico/mgXeCE1P">Nuclear Power in Mexico</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Mongolia</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/mongolia.aspx">WNA:Uranium in Mongolia</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Morocco</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/uranium-in-africa.aspx">WNA: Uranium in Africa</a> and <a href="/facts/Uranium_in_Africa/C1q7XqWY">Uranium in Africa</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Myanmar</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Namibia</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/namibia.aspx">WNA:Uranium in Namibia</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Netherlands</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/netherlands.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in the Netherlands</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_the_Netherlands/pD1FGexM">Nuclear Power in the Netherlands</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>New Zealand</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/new-zealand.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Energy Prospects in New Zealand</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Niger</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/niger.aspx">WNA:Uranium in Niger</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Nigeria</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Norway</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Norway/ajH32c0w">Nuclear power in Norway</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Oman</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Pakistan</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/pakistan.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in Pakistan</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan/K6y3eGnb">Nuclear Power in Pakistan</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Paraguay</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Peru</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Philippines</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Poland</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/poland.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in Poland</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Poland/oD497orp">Nuclear Power in Poland</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Romania</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/romania.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in Romania</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Romania/RfeBVtxj">Nuclear Power in Romania</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Russia</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/russia-nuclear-power.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in Russia</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Russia/bos6kcTU">Nuclear Power in Russia</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Rwanda</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Saudi Arabia</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/saudi-arabia.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Saudi_Arabia/fvIVnxfd">Nuclear Power in Saudi Arabia</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Senegal</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/uranium-in-africa.aspx">WNA: Uranium in Africa</a> and <a href="/facts/Uranium_in_Africa/C1q7XqWY">Uranium in Africa</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Serbia</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Singapore</td><td><a href="https://nextrendsasia.org/singapore-is-considering-the-nuclear-option-for-its-energy-transition-again/again.">See Singapore is considering the nuclear option for its energy transition... again.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Slovakia</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/slovakia.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in Slovakia</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Slovakia/gXdtsNgL">Nuclear Power in Slovakia</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Slovenia</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/slovenia.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in Slovenia</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Slovenia/0bdCwvaY">Nuclear Power in Slovenia</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>South Africa</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/south-africa.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in South Africa</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_South_Africa/kITEEjjC">Nuclear Power in South Africa</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Spain</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/spain.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in Spain</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Spain/dpcv3Dtq">Nuclear Power in Spain</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Sri Lanka</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Sudan</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Sweden</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/sweden.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in Sweden</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Sweden/Tzt2KqwJ">Nuclear Power in Sweden</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Switzerland</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/switzerland.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in Switzerland</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Switzerland/WCbyRTUC">Nuclear Power in Switzerland</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Syria</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Taiwan</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/nuclear-power-in-taiwan.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in Taiwan</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Taiwan/LYJn0dED">Nuclear Power in Taiwan</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Tajikistan</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/tajikistan.aspx">WNA:Uranium in Tajikistan</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Tanzania</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/uranium-in-africa.aspx">WNA:Uranium in Africa</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Thailand</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Tunisia</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Turkey</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/turkey.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in Turkey</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Turkey/E4XGDekY">Nuclear Power in Turkey</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Uganda</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Ukraine</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/ukraine-information/ukraine.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in Ukraine</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Ukraine/lMSw8l2n">Nuclear Power in Ukraine</a></td></tr><tr><td>United Arab Emirates</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/united-arab-emirates.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in the United Arab Emirates</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates/9BKUq5WV">Nuclear Power in the United Arab Emirates</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>United Kingdom</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/united-kingdom.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom/nvsoeArQ">Nuclear Power in the United Kingdom</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>United States</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in the USA</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_the_USA/o4bALSwV">Nuclear Power in the USA</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Uzbekistan</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/uzbekistan.aspx">WNA:Uranium in Uzbekistan</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Venezuela</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Vietnam</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/vietnam.aspx">WNA:Nuclear Power in Vietnam</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Vietnam/Ph8tMVhV">Nuclear Power in Vietnam</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Yemen</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Zambia</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx">Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.</a></td></tr><tr><td>Zimbabwe</td><td>See <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/uranium-in-africa.aspx">WNA:Uranium in Africa</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="education">Education</h2> <p>Organizations that provide study and training in nuclear engineering include the following: </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Region/Country</th><th>Schools and Training</th></tr><tr><td>Africa</td><td>The <a href="/facts/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency/o84JrwQ7">IAEA</a> has 45 Member States in Africa. "The IAEA's technical cooperation (TC) programme is the main mechanism for assisting Member States in the peaceful, safe and secure application of nuclear science and technology."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Education in nuclear and radiation safety is a component.</td></tr><tr><td>Argentina</td><td><a href="https://www.unraf.edu.ar">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td>Armenia</td><td>IAEA Technical Communication Program.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Asia</td><td>Asian Network for Education in Nuclear Technology (ANENT).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Australia</td><td>UNSW Nuclear Engineering.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Austria</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Bangladesh</td><td>University of Dhaka.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Belarus</td><td>Belarusian State University.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Belgium</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Brazil</td><td><a href="https://www.coppe.ufrj.br/en/node/4178">COPPE UFRJ</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Brunei</td><td>See <a href="https://www-pub.iaea.org/mtcd/publications/pdf/pub1626web-52229977.pdf">https://www-pub.iaea.org/mtcd/publications/pdf/pub1626web-52229977.pdf</a></td></tr><tr><td>Bulgaria</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Cambodia</td><td>See <a href="https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50896212/pride-of-cambodia-students-graduate-with-degrees-in-civil-nuclear-science/">https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50896212/pride-of-cambodia-students-graduate-with-degrees-in-civil-nuclear-science/</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Canada</td><td>See <a href="https://www.canadian-universities.net/Universities/Programs/Nuclear_Engineering.html">Canadian-Universities.net</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Chile</td><td><a href="https://uchile.cl">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><td>China</td><td><a href="https://english.hrbeu.edu.cn/School/Schools_A_Z/College_of_Nuclear_Science_and_Technology.htm">Harbin Engineering University</a> and <a href="/facts/Harbin_Engineering_University/NUnwxR3r">Harbin Engineering University</a>.<p><a href="https://english.ncepu.edu.cn/xygk/29667.html">North China Electric Power University</a> and <a href="/facts/North_China_Electric_Power_University/FCgh9yEI">North China Electric Power University</a>.</p><p><a href="https://fbe.yildiz.edu.tr/images/files/TUNEM%202018%20Bilgi%20Notu%20(ENG).pdf">Tsinghua University</a> and <a href="/facts/Tsinghua_University/HNwjrEuU">Tsinghua University</a>.</p></td></tr><tr><td>Croatia</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Cyprus</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Czech Republic</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Denmark</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Estonia</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Finland</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>France</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Germany</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Greece</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Hungary</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>IAEA</td><td>STAR-NET: Regional Network for Education and Training in Nuclear Technology, <a href="https://www.star-net.online/en/?page_id=16">https://www.star-net.online/en/?page_id=16</a>, universities:<p><a href="/facts/National_Polytechnic_University_of_Armenia/4aWHCyIn">National Polytechnic University of Armenia</a>Republic of Armenia</p><p><a href="/facts/Baku_State_University/WFlXKKwM">Baku State University</a>, Republic of Azerbaijan</p><p><a href="/facts/Belarusian_State_University_of_Informatics_and_Radioelectronics/bDAKcTy2">Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics</a>, Republic of Belarus</p><p><a href="/facts/Belarusian_National_Technical_University/vjk5GYNG">Belarusian National Technical University</a>, Republic of Belarus</p><p><a href="/facts/Belarusian_State_University/7FgIYWLj">Belarusian State University</a>, Republic of Belarus</p><p><a href="/facts/L._N._Gumilev_Eurasian_National_University/o3mNRXbM">L.N. Gumilev Eurasian National University</a>, Republic of Kazakhstan</p><p><a href="/facts/Sarsen_Amanzholov_East_Kazakhstan_State_University/qjK0TycP">Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan State University</a>, Republic of Kazakhstan</p><p><a href="/facts/D._Serikbayev_East_Kazakhstan_Technical_University/DcxHABWx">D. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan Technical University</a> (EKTU), Republic of Kazakhstan</p><p><a href="/facts/AGH_University_of_Science_and_Technology/FQgzUpeI">AGH University of Science and Technology</a> (Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie), Republic of Poland</p><p><a href="/facts/National_Research_Nuclear_University_MEPhI_(Moscow_Engineering_Physics_Institute)/94h5plBI">National Research Nuclear University</a> «MEPhI», Russian Federation</p><p><a href="/facts/Nizhny_Novgorod_State_Technical_University/Ga8h3xLE">Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University</a> n.a. R.E. Alekseev, Russian Federation</p><p>The National Research <a href="/facts/Tomsk_Polytechnic_University/ckKvwGCk">Tomsk Polytechnic University</a>, Russian Federation</p><p><a href="/facts/Odesa_National_Polytechnic_University/LQ08h3Lh">Odessa National Polytechnic University</a> (OPNU), Ukraine</p><p><a href="/facts/Samarkand_State_University/J4fIV5BQ">Samarkand State University</a>, Republic of Uzbekistan</p><p>The IAEA also provides guidance for nuclear engineering curricula: <a href="https://www-pub.iaea.org/mtcd/publications/pdf/pub1626web-52229977.pdf">https://www-pub.iaea.org/mtcd/publications/pdf/pub1626web-52229977.pdf</a></p></td></tr><tr><td>India</td><td><a href="https://www.iitk.ac.in/net/old/onp.htm">https://www.iitk.ac.in/net/old/onp.htm</a> and <a href="/facts/IIT_Kanpur/Xr7t3nfR">IIT Kanpur</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Indonesia</td><td>See <a href="https://tf.ugm.ac.id/2014/04/19/developing-nuclear-education-in-indonesia/">https://tf.ugm.ac.id/2014/04/19/developing-nuclear-education-in-indonesia/</a></td></tr><tr><td>Iran</td><td>13 atomic energy primary schools /high schools, more schools being built,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a href="/facts/Isfahan_University_of_Technology/Ctej0LwV">Isfahan University of Technology</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> See <a href="https://www.nti.org/education-center/facilities/amir-kabir-university-of-technology-2/">https://www.nti.org/education-center/facilities/amir-kabir-university-of-technology-2/</a></td></tr><tr><td>Ireland</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Israel</td><td>See <a href="https://in.bgu.ac.il/en/engn/nuclear/Pages/default.aspx">https://in.bgu.ac.il/en/engn/nuclear/Pages/default.aspx</a></td></tr><tr><td>Italy</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Japan</td><td><a href="https://www.ne.t.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en">https://www.ne.t.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en</a><p><a href="https://www.nuclear.sci.waseda.ac.jp/index_en.html">https://www.nuclear.sci.waseda.ac.jp/index_en.html</a></p></td></tr><tr><td>Jordan</td><td><a href="https://www.just.edu.jo/FacultiesandDepartments/FacultyofEngineering/Departments/NuclearEngineering/Pages/Nuclear%20Engineering.aspx">https://www.just.edu.jo/FacultiesandDepartments/FacultyofEngineering/Departments/NuclearEngineering/Pages/Nuclear%20Engineering.aspx</a></td></tr><tr><td>Latin America</td><td>Latin American Network for Education in Nuclear Technology (LANENT) <a href="https://www.iaea.org/services/networks/lanent">https://www.iaea.org/services/networks/lanent</a></td></tr><tr><td>Latvia</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Lithuania</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Luxembourg</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Malaysia</td><td><a href="/facts/Universiti_Teknologi_Malaysia/l2ufJkkN">Universiti Teknologi Malaysia</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Malta</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Mexico</td><td><a href="https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/41/133/41133846.pdf">https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/41/133/41133846.pdf</a></td></tr><tr><td>Netherlands</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Norway</td><td><a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/">https://www.ntnu.edu/</a></td></tr><tr><td>Philippines</td><td><a href="https://ansn.iaea.org/Common/topics/OpenTopic.aspx?ID=13280">https://ansn.iaea.org/Common/topics/OpenTopic.aspx?ID=13280</a></td></tr><tr><td>Poland</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Portugal</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Romania</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Russia</td><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Nuclear_University_MEPhI_(Moscow_Engineering_Physics_Institute)">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Nuclear_University_MEPhI_(Moscow_Engineering_Physics_Institute)</a><p><a href="https://tpu.ru/en/about/department_links_and_administration/department/view/?id=7863">https://tpu.ru/en/about/department_links_and_administration/department/view/?id=7863</a></p></td></tr><tr><td>Saudi Arabia</td><td><a href="https://ne.kau.edu.sa/Default-135008-EN">https://ne.kau.edu.sa/Default-135008-EN</a></td></tr><tr><td>Serbia</td><td><a href="https://www.bg.ac.rs/en/members/institutes/Vinca.php">https://www.bg.ac.rs/en/members/institutes/Vinca.php</a></td></tr><tr><td>Slovakia</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Slovenia</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>South Korea</td><td>TBA</td></tr><tr><td>Spain</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Sweden</td><td>EU Science Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Switzerland</td><td><a href="https://ethz.ch/en/studies/master/degree-programmes/engineering-sciences/nuclear-engineering.html">https://ethz.ch/en/studies/master/degree-programmes/engineering-sciences/nuclear-engineering.html</a></td></tr><tr><td>Taiwan</td><td><a href="https://www.studyintaiwan.org/university/program/2565">https://www.studyintaiwan.org/university/program/2565</a></td></tr><tr><td>Thailand</td><td><a href="https://www.eng.chula.ac.th/en/department/department-of-nuclear-technology">https://www.eng.chula.ac.th/en/department/department-of-nuclear-technology</a></td></tr><tr><td>Turkey</td><td><a href="https://nuke.hacettepe.edu.tr/en/department-69">https://nuke.hacettepe.edu.tr/en/department-69</a><p><a href="http://nukbilimler.ankara.edu.tr/en/nuclear-research-and-technologies-department/">http://nukbilimler.ankara.edu.tr/en/nuclear-research-and-technologies-department/</a><a href="http://www.nuce.boun.edu.tr/">http://www.nuce.boun.edu.tr/</a></p></td></tr><tr><td>Ukraine</td><td><a href="https://www.uatom.org/en/training-of-nuclear-specialists">https://www.uatom.org/en/training-of-nuclear-specialists</a></td></tr><tr><td>United Arab Emirates</td><td><a href="https://www.ku.ac.ae/academics/college-of-engineering/department/department-of-nuclear-engineering#about">https://www.ku.ac.ae/academics/college-of-engineering/department/department-of-nuclear-engineering#about</a></td></tr><tr><td>United Kingdom<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td><td><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Birmingham/b2YEFk2X">University of Birmingham</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Bristol/naU7Gvlc">University of Bristol</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Cambridge/0la7aX9o">University of Cambridge</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Central_Lancashire/RcbIg46b">University of Central Lancashire</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Cumbria/C1K5t6Yg">University of Cumbria</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Defence_Academy_of_the_United_Kingdom/lWFApWYq">Defence Academy of the United Kingdom</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Dundee/SucRa2ey">University of Dundee</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Imperial_College_London/SoXBRyax">Imperial College London</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Lancaster_University/NTArvTko">Lancaster University</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Leeds/XxFJF9Qh">University of Leeds</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Liverpool/c9yBULDJ">University of Liverpool</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Manchester/PwJzEj8h">The University of Manchester</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Nottingham_Trent_University/qcE8Woz3">Nottingham Trent University</a></p><p><a href="https://www.ntec.ac.uk/">Nuclear Technology Education Consortium (NTEC)</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Open_University/1PcpUSUL">The Open University</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Sheffield/YBEItxSg">University of Sheffield</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Surrey/cJdmCo4Y">University of Surrey</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_the_West_of_Scotland/X3GQt6vh">University of the West of Scotland</a></p></td></tr><tr><td>United States<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Air_Force_Institute_of_Technology/8nKNVRug">Air Force Institute of Technology</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Abilene_Christian_University/FHv0MhQW">Abilene Christian University</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Clemson_University/xPSgG0v1">Clemson University</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Colorado_School_of_Mines/mX55FHws">Colorado School of Mines</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Georgia_Tech/HKtrUSao">Georgia Institute of Technology</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Idaho_State_University/KMKXJgCJ">Idaho State University</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Kansas_State_University/SVBVNaBr">Kansas State University</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Louisiana_State_University/yg8S4Tyy">Louisiana State University</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology/Xk49vNA8">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Missouri_University_of_Science_and_Technology/gdU3G8Tb">Missouri University of Science and Technology</a></p><p><a href="/facts/North_Carolina_State_University/FnMUAASu">North Carolina State University</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Ohio_State_University/jfSr6u6u">Ohio State University</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Oregon_State_University/FR0MGWWg">Oregon State University</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Pennsylvania_State_University/WMQagtjM">Penn State University</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Purdue_University/dRuTdltL">Purdue University</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute/e3smoUMm">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a></p><p><a href="/facts/South_Carolina_State_University/uNxjksCP">South Carolina State University</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Texas_A%2526M_University/s1zDpnxa">Texas A&M University</a></p><p><a href="/facts/United_States_Military_Academy/px9g8rhT">United States Military Academy at West Point</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_Berkeley/MXVEjklr">University of California, Berkeley</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Florida/zGg0HXXs">University of Florida</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Idaho/SREXLNYC">University of Idaho</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign/gusw7HoS">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Maryland%2c_College_Park/Wmc5R1kM">University of Maryland</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Massachusetts_Lowell/KmMkLt4b">University of Massachusetts Lowell</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Michigan/6e1Ea5xh">University of Michigan</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Missouri/Ss7ITAmw">University of Missouri</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Nevada%2c_Las_Vegas/bLVCuQWw">University of Nevada, Las Vegas</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_New_Mexico/7KnmajYB">University of New Mexico</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Pittsburgh/U3lxG2L1">University of Pittsburgh</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Rhode_Island/HFtN6hUg">University of Rhode Island</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_South_Carolina/C6YRanR1">University of South Carolina</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Tennessee/V28AVeaU">University of Tennessee</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Texas_at_Austin/6NApstxT">University of Texas</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Utah/0lhlnv7c">University of Utah</a></p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_Wisconsin%25E2%2580%2593Madison/Rfj54YvS">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Virginia_Commonwealth_University/9SDImvCV">Virginia Commonwealth University</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Virginia_Tech/5nNYd0ur">Virginia Tech</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="organizations">Organizations</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/American_Nuclear_Society/4ce4BNwU">American Nuclear Society</a></li> <li>Asian Network for Education in Nuclear Technology (ANENT) <a href="https://www.iaea.org/services/networks/anent">https://www.iaea.org/services/networks/anent</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Canadian_Nuclear_Association/VPHeDSeL">Canadian Nuclear Association</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chinese_Nuclear_Society/y7Ww2PGp">Chinese Nuclear Society</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency/o84JrwQ7">International Atomic Energy Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/International_Energy_Agency/HErEraSy">International Energy Agency</a> (IEA)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Japan_Atomic_Industrial_Forum/oBzqCkqo">Japan Atomic Industrial Forum</a> (JAIF)</li> <li>Korea Nuclear Energy Agency (KNEA)</li> <li>Latin American Network for Education in Nuclear Technology (LANENT) <a href="https://www.iaea.org/services/networks/lanent">https://www.iaea.org/services/networks/lanent</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Minerals_Council_of_Australia/2GTzDBeX">Minerals Council of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nucleareurope/IsbYjRo9">Nucleareurope</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nuclear_Institute/pGNVSP2c">Nuclear Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nuclear_Energy_Institute/pKpzeak5">Nuclear Energy Institute</a> (NEI)</li> <li>Nuclear Industry Association of South Africa (NIASA)</li> <li>Nuclear Technology Education Consortion <a href="https://www.ntec.ac.uk/">https://www.ntec.ac.uk/</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/OECD_Nuclear_Energy_Agency/sa86Knja">OECD Nuclear Energy Agency</a> (NEA)</li> <li>Regional Network for Education and Training in Nuclear Technology (STAR-NET) <a href="https://www.iaea.org/services/networks/star-net">https://www.iaea.org/services/networks/star-net</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/World_Nuclear_Association/tNQRxdLD">World Nuclear Association</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/World_Nuclear_Transport_Institute/f9IGdjAI">World Nuclear Transport Institute</a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Atomic_physics/7Jlm4I7k">Atomic physics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chernobyl_nuclear_disaster/mNj9JHyf">Chernobyl nuclear disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster/E74heuvS">Fukushima nuclear disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/International_Nuclear_Event_Scale/JT6gAcr9">International Nuclear Event Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_books_about_nuclear_issues/whL838Q0">List of books about nuclear issues</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lists_of_nuclear_disasters_and_radioactive_incidents/N8oN5dYT">Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_nuclear_reactors/tW6yRs6d">List of nuclear reactors</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_nuclear_power_stations/GKIFDucQ">List of nuclear power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nuclear_energy_policy/UAJljLY6">Nuclear energy policy</a></li> <li></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nuclear_fuel/8RhAomlJ">Nuclear fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nuclear_criticality_safety/NSFuHHJa">Nuclear criticality safety</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nuclear_material/K4FIY8KE">Nuclear material</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nuclear_physics/fzQbt1aF">Nuclear physics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nuclear_power/jzSyvxSn">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nuclear_reactor_technology/8xqjIbge">Nuclear reactor technology</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nuclear_renaissance/n7lJtCsa">Nuclear renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Safety_engineering/ywUBoqda">Safety engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thermal_hydraulics/2L4KxXM1">Thermal hydraulics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Waste_Isolation_Pilot_Plant/Sz8cgLUh">Waste Isolation Pilot Plant</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Ash, Milton, "Nuclear reactor kinetics", McGraw-Hill, (1965)</li> <li>Cravens, Gwyneth. <i>Power to Save the World</i> (2007)</li> <li>Gowing, Margaret. <i>Britain and Atomic Energy, 1939–1945</i> (1964).</li> <li>Gowing, Margaret, and Lorna Arnold. <i>Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Energy, Vol. I: Policy Making, 1945–52</i>; <i>Vol. II: Policy Execution, 1945–52</i> (London, 1974)</li> <li>Johnston, Sean F. "Creating a Canadian Profession: The Nuclear Engineer, 1940–68," <i>Canadian Journal of History,</i> Winter 2009, Vol. 44 Issue 3, pp 435–466</li> <li>Johnston, Sean F. "Implanting a discipline: the academic trajectory of nuclear engineering in the USA and UK," <i>Minerva,</i> 47 (2009), pp. 51–73</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikibooks has more on the topic of: <i>Nuclear engineering</i> <ul><li><a href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/nuc_generation/gensum.html">Electric Generation from Commercial Nuclear Power</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.nuke.hacettepe.edu.tr">Hacettepe University Department of Nuclear Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.neimagazine.com/">Nuclear Engineering International magazine</a></li> <li><a href="http://nuclearsafety.info/resources">Nuclear Safety Info Resources</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/nse/">Nuclear Science and Engineering technical journal</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.hindawi.com/journals/stni/">Science and Technology of Nuclear Installation Open-Access Journal</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Nuclear engineering, going forward". NuclearNewswire. American Nuclear Society. Retrieved 21 April 2023. <a href="https://www.ans.org/news/article-582/nuclear-engineering-going-forward/" target="_blank">https://www.ans.org/news/article-582/nuclear-engineering-going-forward/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Nuclear Engineering". Britannica. Retrieved 19 April 2023. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/nuclear-engineering" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/technology/nuclear-engineering</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Nuclear Power in the World Today". World Nuclear Association. Retrieved 6 April 2023. <a href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx" target="_blank">https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Thompson, Jess. "When Can We Expect Nuclear Fusion?". Newsweek. Retrieved 6 April 2023. <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/nuclear-fusion-when-ready-electricity-technology-1773349" target="_blank">https://www.newsweek.com/nuclear-fusion-when-ready-electricity-technology-1773349</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Nuclear Fission Energy". Lawrence Livermore. Retrieved 6 April 2023. <a href="https://www2.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/14/1.html" target="_blank">https://www2.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/14/1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Nuclear power and the environment". EIA. U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 7 April 2023. <a href="https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/nuclear/nuclear-power-and-the-environment.php" target="_blank">https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/nuclear/nuclear-power-and-the-environment.php</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"The Discovery of Fission". The Manhattan Project: an interactive history. US Department of Energy. Retrieved 7 April 2023. <a href="https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/Events/1890s-1939/discovery_fission.htm" target="_blank">https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/Events/1890s-1939/discovery_fission.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"The World's First Nuclear Power Plant". Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. US Department of Energy. Retrieved 7 April 2023. <a href="https://inl.gov/experimental-breeder-reactor-i/" target="_blank">https://inl.gov/experimental-breeder-reactor-i/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Martin and Bornstein. "Nuclear Engineering". Britannica. Retrieved 6 April 2023. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/nuclear-engineering" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/technology/nuclear-engineering</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Nuclear engineer job profile | Prospects.ac.uk". www.prospects.ac.uk. Retrieved 2019-12-13. <a href="https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/nuclear-engineer" target="_blank">https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/nuclear-engineer</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"What Nuclear Engineers Do". Occupational Outlook Handbook. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 16 April 2023. <a href="https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/nuclear-engineers.htm#tab-2" target="_blank">https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/nuclear-engineers.htm#tab-2</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Goldberg and Rosner. "The History of Reactor Generations". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 9 April 2023. <a href="https://www.amacad.org/publication/nuclear-reactors-generation-generation/section/5" target="_blank">https://www.amacad.org/publication/nuclear-reactors-generation-generation/section/5</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Operation and maintenance of nuclear power plants". IAEA. 13 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2023. <a href="https://www.iaea.org/topics/operation-and-maintenance" target="_blank">https://www.iaea.org/topics/operation-and-maintenance</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Environmental Detection of Clandestine Nuclear Weapon Programs" (PDF). MIT. Retrieved 21 April 2023. <a href="https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/105171/Environmental%20Detection%20of%20Clandestine%20Nuclear%20Weapon%20Programs%20-%20Final%20Manuscript%20%282%29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y" target="_blank">https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/105171/Environmental%20Detection%20of%20Clandestine%20Nuclear%20Weapon%20Programs%20-%20Final%20Manuscript%20%282%29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Nuclear Techniques Help to Solve Crimes". EIA. 23 December 2003. Retrieved 7 April 2023. <a href="https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/nuclear-techniques-help-solve-crimes" target="_blank">https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/nuclear-techniques-help-solve-crimes</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"5 Incredible Ways Nuclear Powers Our Lives". Energy.gov. US Department of Energy. Retrieved 6 April 2023. <a href="https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/5-incredible-ways-nuclear-powers-our-lives" target="_blank">https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/5-incredible-ways-nuclear-powers-our-lives</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Jobs". NEI. Retrieved 9 April 2023. <a href="https://www.nei.org/advantages/jobs" target="_blank">https://www.nei.org/advantages/jobs</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Townsend, L. W.; Brady, L.; Lindegard, J.; Hall, H. L.; McAndrew-Benavides, E.; Poston, J. W. (2022). "Nuclear engineering workforce in the United States". Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics. 23 (Suppl 1): e13808. doi:10.1002/acm2.13808. PMC 9880971. 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