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Land use, land-use change, and forestry
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<h2 id="development">Development</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/United_Nations/fgXLnmgT">United Nations</a> <a href="/facts/Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change/Tg7f18g3">Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> (UNFCCC) Article 4(1)(a) requires all Parties to "develop, periodically update, publish and make available to the Conference of the Parties" as well as "national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources" "removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the <a href="/facts/Montreal_Protocol/Hmf70BQK">Montreal Protocol</a>." </p><p>Under the UNFCCC reporting guidelines, human-induced greenhouse emissions must be reported in six sectors: energy (including stationary energy and transport); industrial processes; solvent and other product use; agriculture; waste; and <i>land use, <a href="/facts/Land_use_change/BAMqwQcG">land use change</a> and forestry</i> (LULUCF).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>The rules governing accounting and reporting of <a href="/facts/Greenhouse_gas_emissions/Cu9nXPHE">greenhouse gas emissions</a> from LULUCF under the <a href="/facts/Kyoto_Protocol/88twzpDf">Kyoto Protocol</a> are contained in several decisions of the Conference of Parties under the UNFCCC. </p><p>LULUCF has been the subject of two major reports by the <a href="/facts/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change/sh76du1u">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (IPCC).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>The Kyoto Protocol article 3.3 thus requires mandatory LULUCF accounting for afforestation (no forest for last 50 years), reforestation (no forest on 31 December 1989) and deforestation, as well as (in the first commitment period) under article 3.4 voluntary accounting for cropland management, grazing land management, revegetation and forest management (if not already accounted under article 3.3).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>This decision sets out the rules that govern how <a href="/facts/Kyoto_Protocol/88twzpDf">Kyoto Parties</a> with emission reduction commitments (so-called Annex 1 Parties) account for changes in carbon stocks in land use, land-use change and forestry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> It is mandatory for Annex 1 Parties to account for changes in carbons stocks resulting from <a href="/facts/Deforestation/L1TNhN9p">deforestation</a>, <a href="/facts/Reforestation/U4MMM3lq">reforestation</a> and <a href="/facts/Afforestation/b8sP61Ms">afforestation</a> (B Article 3.3)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> and voluntary to account for emissions from forest management, cropland management, grazing land management and revegetation (B. Article 3.4).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> The flexibility mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol, including the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI), also include provisions for LULUCF projects, further enhancing the integration of land use considerations into climate change mitigation strategies. </p> <h2 id="climate-impacts">Climate impacts</h2> <p>Land-use change can be a factor in CO2 (carbon dioxide) atmospheric concentration, and is thus a contributor to global <a href="/facts/Climate_change/rEN4BDE7">climate change</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change/sh76du1u">IPCC</a> estimates that land-use change (e.g. conversion of <a href="/facts/Forest/RnMtb31v">forest</a> into agricultural land) contributes a net 1.6 ± 0.8 <a href="/facts/Tonne/gMymLmWv">Gt</a> carbon per year to the atmosphere. For comparison, the major source of CO2, namely emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production, amount to 6.3 ± 0.6 Gt carbon per year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>In 2021 the Global Carbon Project estimated annual land-use change emissions were 4.1 ± 2.6 Gt CO2 (CO2 not carbon: 1 Gt carbon = 3.67 Gt CO2 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a>) for 2011–2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>The land-use sector is critical to achieving the aim of the <a href="/facts/Paris_Agreement/hfIXBN1W">Paris Agreement</a> to limit global warming to 2 °C (3.6 °F).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>Land-use change alters not just atmospheric CO2 concentration but also land surface biophysics such as <a href="/facts/Albedo/TJDRdKEB">albedo</a> and <a href="/facts/Evapotranspiration/q1h1G3XI">evapotranspiration</a>, both of which affect climate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> The impact of land-use change on the climate is also more and more recognized by the climate modeling community. On regional or local scales, the impact of LUC can be assessed by <a href="/facts/Regional_climate_model/5xQBYLcl">Regional climate models</a> (RCMs). This is however difficult, particularly for variables, which are inherently noisy, such as precipitation. For this reason, it is suggested to conduct RCM ensemble simulations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="extents-and-mapping">Extents and mapping</h2> <p>A 2021 study estimated, with higher resolution data, that land-use change has affected 17% of land in 1960–2019, or when considering multiple change events 32%, "around four times" previous estimates. They also investigate its drivers, identifying <a href="/facts/International_trade/jB2m5TGX">global trade</a> affecting agriculture as a main driver.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="forest-modeling">Forest modeling</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Earth_System_Modeling_Framework/hNMbGAMA">Earth system modeling</a> has traditionally been used to analyze forests for climate projections. However, in recent years, there has been a shift away from this modeling towards more mitigation and <a href="/facts/Climate_change_adaptation/RoUgv5FF">adaptation</a> projections.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> These projections can give researchers a better understanding of future forest management practices to employ. Furthermore, this new modeling approach also allows for land management practices to be analyzed in the model. Land management practices include forest harvest, tree species selection, grazing, and crop harvest. Land management practices produce biophysical and biogeochemical effects on the forest, and following the model can increase the likelihood of success. Where there is a lack of available data for these practices, further monitoring and data collecting are needed to improve the models' accuracy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Agricultural_expansion/Su0wI5YR">Agricultural expansion</a> – Growth of agricultural land in the 21st century</li> <li><a href="/facts/Deforestation_and_climate_change/IBYJuPPk">Deforestation and climate change</a> – Interactions between deforestation and climate change</li> <li><a href="/facts/Land_change_science/sGQVE0nq">Land change science</a> – Interdisciplinary study of changes in climate, land use, and land cover</li> <li><a href="/facts/Land_change_modeling/dbHERUsC">Land change modeling</a> – Geographic and ecological field of study</li> <li><a href="/facts/Land_use/BAMqwQcG">Land use</a> – Classification of land resources based on what can be built and on its use</li> <li><a href="/facts/Satoyama/cEStXgjv">Satoyama</a> – Japanese term for the area between flat coastal plains and interior mountain foothills</li> <li><a href="/facts/Special_Report_on_Climate_Change_and_Land/8htCJKtI">Special Report on Climate Change and Land</a> – IPCC report</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://unfccc.int/topics/land-use/workstreams/land-use--land-use-change-and-forestry-lulucf">Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF)</a> at <a href="/facts/UNFCCC/Tg7f18g3">UNFCCC</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/land_use/index.htm">IPCC Special Report on Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) — IPCC". 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