Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Irish Sign Language
open-in-new
<h2 id="development">Development</h2> <p>The earliest known references to signing in Ireland come from the 18th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> According to <a href="/facts/Ethnologue/0AanCzKS">Ethnologue</a>, the language has influence from both <a href="/facts/French_Sign_Language/Ffcp4RNX">French Sign Language</a> (LSF) and <a href="/facts/British_Sign_Language/nClrXDY6">British Sign Language</a> (BSL), as well as from <a href="/facts/Signed_French/XET7mI3D">signed French</a> and <a href="/facts/Signed_English/1yTxnBCA">signed English</a>, BSL having been introduced in Dublin in 1816.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The first school for deaf children in Ireland, the <a href="/facts/Claremont_Institution/tqhn3YFn">Claremont Institution</a>, was established in 1816 by <a href="/facts/Charles_Orpen/4y7Up2bl">Dr. Charles Orpen</a>. According to admission documents between 1816 and 1822, about half of the students admitted already knew some form of signing. Conama and Leonard suggest that this points to evidence of an older, undocumented form of ISL.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>The Claremont Institution was a <a href="/facts/Protestant/NXja4K3g">Protestant</a> institution and given that Ireland was a part of the United Kingdom, it is no surprise that BSL (or some version of <a href="/facts/Signed_English/1yTxnBCA">signed English</a> based in BSL) was used for teaching and learning (Pollard 2006). St. Mary's School for Deaf Girls sent two teachers and two students to <a href="/facts/Caen/nacGkhQF">Caen</a> in France for 6 months; the students there likely learned <a href="/facts/French_Sign_Language/Ffcp4RNX">LSF</a>, which likely influenced ISL when the students returned to Ireland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> McDonnell (1979) reports that the Irish institutions - <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic/rJ4F4gqH">Catholic</a> and Protestant - did not teach the children to speak and it was not until 1887 that Claremont report changing from a manual to an <a href="/facts/Oralism/RyNS9jDz">oral approach</a>. For the Catholic schools, the shift to oralism came later: St. Mary's School for Deaf Girls moved to an oral approach in 1946 and St. Joseph's School for Deaf Boys shifted to oralism in 1956,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> though this did not become formal state policy until 1972. Sign language use was seriously suppressed and religion was used to further stigmatise the language (e.g. children were encouraged to give up signing for <a href="/facts/Lent/DCjMp9Ly">Lent</a> and sent to <a href="/facts/Sacrament_of_Reconciliation/CMlqwBPc">confession</a> if caught signing).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The fact that the Catholic schools are segregated on the basis of gender led to the development of a gendered-generational variant of Irish Sign Language that is still evident (albeit to a lesser degree) today.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>ISL was brought by Catholic missionaries to <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a>, and to Scotland and England, with remnants of ISL still visible in some variants of BSL, especially in <a href="/facts/Glasgow/hHUX44Ra">Glasgow</a>, and with some elderly <a href="/facts/Auslan/Yhszre3j">Auslan</a> Catholics still using ISL today. In South Africa, the Dominican nuns who established Catholic Schools saw a need for a school for the deaf, but due to resource constraints were not in a position to do this immediately. Instead, they wrote back to their Mother House in Cabra requesting an experienced teacher of the deaf. A deaf teacher, Bridget Lynne, responded. Remnants of gendered generational Irish Sign Language are thought to still be visible in some dialects of South African Sign Language,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> which can probably be traced back to Lynne. </p> <h2 id="oireachtas-bill">Oireachtas bill</h2> <p>The "Recognition of Irish Sign Language for the Deaf Community Bill 2016" passed all stages in the <a href="/facts/Oireachtas/TuVB66X9">Oireachtas</a> (Irish Parliament) on 14 December 2017, and was signed into law under the revised title, The <a href="/facts/Irish_Sign_Language_Act_2017/5K7wQUME">Irish Sign Language Act 2017</a>. The Act was signed into law by the <a href="/facts/President_of_Ireland/y3Bd9wm8">President of Ireland</a> <a href="/facts/Michael_D._Higgins/sWf4K1Kj">Michael D Higgins</a> on 24 December 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The Act, which commenced on December 23, 2020, requires that public services are available through ISL and also outlines the need for greater access to education through sign language. Prior to the passage, there was no automatic right for deaf people to have an ISL <a href="/facts/Language_interpretation/7NxWE3xS">interpreter</a> (except for criminal court proceedings). For the deaf community, recognition of ISL means more legal rights and better access to <a href="/facts/Public_service/gnDGgRmQ">public services</a> - including <a href="/facts/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland/kSXDhQbl">education</a>, <a href="/facts/Healthcare_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland/rWlflqQX">healthcare</a>, <a href="/facts/Media_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland/UfeQfJR0">media</a> and <a href="/facts/Banking/l7VsKwas">banking</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="language-code">Language code</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/ISO_639-3/wEgdb8bK">ISO 639-3</a> code for Irish Sign Language is 'isg'; 'isl' is the code for <a href="/facts/Icelandic_language/4GmzhaoT">Icelandic</a>. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Auslan/Yhszre3j">Auslan</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Australian_Irish_Sign_Language/qTA0KLjP">Australian Irish Sign Language</a></li> <li>Deafness in Ireland</li> <li><a href="/facts/Irish_manual_alphabet/f25QYj5c">Irish manual alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/L%C3%A1mh/LKbGQ0fW">Lámh</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language/Nqb1VgBp">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/South_African_Sign_Language/jmN9kNYx">South African Sign Language</a></li></ul> <h3>Bibliography</h3> <ul><li>Conama, John Bosco; Leonard, Cormac (24 September 2020). <a href="https://journal.iraal.ie/index.php/teanga/article/view/190/409">"In Search of ISL's Pre-History: The complex origins of Irish sign language(s?)"</a>. <i>TEANGA, the Journal of the Irish Association for Applied Linguistics</i>. 11. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.35903%2Fteanga.v11i1.190">10.35903/teanga.v11i1.190</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2565-6325">2565-6325</a>. Retrieved 18 July 2024.</li> <li>Leonard, Cormac (2005). "Signs of diversity: use and recognition of gendered signs among your Irish Deaf people". <i>Deaf Worlds</i>. 21 (2): 62–77. <a href="/facts/Academia.edu/YaEQMJFk">Academia</a>:<a href="https://www.academia.edu/3987155">3987155</a> <a href="/facts/Open_access/r7rLYN6C"></a>.</li> <li>Crean, Edward J. (1997). <a href="https://archive.org/details/breakingsilencee00crea"><i>Breaking the silence: The education of the deaf in Ireland 1816-1996</i></a>. Dublin: Irish Deaf Society Publication.</li> <li>Department of Education (1972). <i>The Education of Children who are Handicapped by Impaired Hearing</i>. Dublin: Government Publications.</li> <li>Grehan, Carmel (2008). <i>Communication Islands: The Impact of Segregation on Attitudes to ISL among a Sample of Graduates of St. Mary's School for Deaf Girls</i> (unpublished M.Phil. dissertation). Dublin: Trinity College.</li> <li>Griffey, Nicholas (1994). <i>From Silence to Speech: Fifty years with the Deaf</i>. Dublin: Dominican Publications. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1871552494.</li> <li>Leeson, Lorraine (2005). "Vying with Variation: Interpreting Language Contact, Gender Variation and Generational Difference". In Janzen, Terry (ed.). <i>Topics in Signed Language Interpreting</i>. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. 251–292. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fbtl.63.15lee">10.1075/btl.63.15lee</a>. <a href="/facts/Academia.edu/YaEQMJFk">Academia</a>:<a href="https://www.academia.edu/1059902">1059902</a> <a href="/facts/Open_access/r7rLYN6C"></a>.</li> <li>Leeson, Lorraine; Grehan, Carmel (2004). "To The Lexicon and Beyond: The Effect of Gender on Variation in Irish Sign Language". In Van Herreweghe, Mieke; Vermeerbergen, Myriam (eds.). <i>To the Lexicon and Beyond: Sociolinguistics in European Deaf Communities</i>. Washington DC: Gallaudet University Press. pp. 39–73. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2rh28cx.7">j.ctv2rh28cx.7</a>. <a href="/facts/ResearchGate/tyxv0zvV">ResearchGate</a>:<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260038564">260038564</a> <a href="/facts/Open_access/r7rLYN6C"></a>.</li> <li>Leeson, Lorraine; Saeed, John I. (2012). <i>Irish Sign Language</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/facts/ResearchGate/tyxv0zvV">ResearchGate</a>:<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229083728">229083728</a> <a href="/facts/Open_access/r7rLYN6C"></a>.</li> <li>LeMaster, Barbara (1998). <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110811155.67/html?lang=en">"Sex differences in Irish Sign Language"</a>. In Hill, Jane H.; Mistry, P.J.; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). <i>The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright</i>. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 67–85. Retrieved 18 July 2024.</li> <li>LeMaster, Barbara Celeste (1990). <i>The Maintenance and Loss of Female and Male Signs in the Dublin Deaf Community</i> (dissertation). Ann Arbor: University of California, Los Angeles. <a href="/facts/ProQuest/yoBIhGBy">ProQuest</a> <a href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/303886305">303886305</a> <a href="/facts/Open_access/r7rLYN6C"></a>.</li> <li>McDonnell, P. (1979). <i>The Establishment and Operation of Institutions for the Education of the Deaf in Ireland, 1816-1889</i> (unpublished essay submitted in part-fulfillment of the requirements of the award of the degree of Master in Education). Dublin: University College Dublin.</li> <li>McDonnell, Patrick; Saunders, Helena (1993). <a href="https://archive.org/details/lookingbackreade00fisc/page/255">"Sit on Your Hands: Strategies to Prevent Signing"</a>. In Fischer, Renate; Lane, Harlan (eds.). <i>Looking Back: A Reader on the History of Deaf Communities and their Sign Languages</i>. Hamburg: Signum. pp. 255–260.</li> <li>Mohr, Susanne; Leeson, Lorraine (2023). <a href="https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/55363/chapter/431223652">"Irish Sign Language: Ireland's Third Language,"</a>. In Hickey, Raymond (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Irish English</i>. Oxford Handbooks. Oxford Academic. pp. 646–672. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198856153.013.31">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198856153.013.31</a>. Retrieved 17 July 2024.</li> <li>Pollard, Rachel (2006). <a href="https://archive.org/details/avenuehistoryofc0000poll"><i>The Avenue</i></a>. Dublin: Denzille Press.</li> <li>Rose, Heath; Conama, John Bosco (2018). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10993-017-9446-2">"Linguistic imperialism: still a valid construct in relation to language policy for Irish Sign Language"</a>. <i>Language Policy</i>. 17 (3): 385–404. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10993-017-9446-2">10.1007/s10993-017-9446-2</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.irishdeafsociety.ie">Irish Deaf Society</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.tcd.ie/slscs/cds">Centre for Deaf Studies, TCD</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Irish Sign Language". www.irishdeafsociety.ie. Retrieved 2020-07-28. <a href="https://www.irishdeafsociety.ie/irish-sign-language/" target="_blank">https://www.irishdeafsociety.ie/irish-sign-language/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>LeMaster 1998. - LeMaster, Barbara (1998). "Sex differences in Irish Sign Language". In Hill, Jane H.; Mistry, P.J.; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 67–85. Retrieved 18 July 2024. <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110811155.67/html?lang=en" target="_blank">https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110811155.67/html?lang=en</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Mohr & Leeson 2023. - Mohr, Susanne; Leeson, Lorraine (2023). "Irish Sign Language: Ireland's Third Language,". In Hickey, Raymond (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Irish English. Oxford Handbooks. Oxford Academic. pp. 646–672. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198856153.013.31. Retrieved 17 July 2024. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/55363/chapter/431223652" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/55363/chapter/431223652</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Conama & Leonard 2020. - Conama, John Bosco; Leonard, Cormac (24 September 2020). "In Search of ISL's Pre-History: The complex origins of Irish sign language(s?)". TEANGA, the Journal of the Irish Association for Applied Linguistics. 11. doi:10.35903/teanga.v11i1.190. ISSN 2565-6325. Retrieved 18 July 2024. <a href="https://journal.iraal.ie/index.php/teanga/article/view/190/409" target="_blank">https://journal.iraal.ie/index.php/teanga/article/view/190/409</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Irish Sign Language". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 15 January 2018. <a href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=isg" target="_blank">http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=isg</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Conama & Leonard 2020, p. 8. - Conama, John Bosco; Leonard, Cormac (24 September 2020). "In Search of ISL's Pre-History: The complex origins of Irish sign language(s?)". TEANGA, the Journal of the Irish Association for Applied Linguistics. 11. doi:10.35903/teanga.v11i1.190. ISSN 2565-6325. Retrieved 18 July 2024. <a href="https://journal.iraal.ie/index.php/teanga/article/view/190/409" target="_blank">https://journal.iraal.ie/index.php/teanga/article/view/190/409</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Mohr & Leeson 2023. - Mohr, Susanne; Leeson, Lorraine (2023). "Irish Sign Language: Ireland's Third Language,". In Hickey, Raymond (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Irish English. Oxford Handbooks. Oxford Academic. pp. 646–672. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198856153.013.31. Retrieved 17 July 2024. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/55363/chapter/431223652" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/55363/chapter/431223652</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Griffey 1994. - Griffey, Nicholas (1994). From Silence to Speech: Fifty years with the Deaf. Dublin: Dominican Publications. ISBN 1871552494. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Crean 1997. - Crean, Edward J. (1997). Breaking the silence: The education of the deaf in Ireland 1816-1996. Dublin: Irish Deaf Society Publication. <a href="https://archive.org/details/breakingsilencee00crea" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/breakingsilencee00crea</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>McDonnell & Saunders 1993. - McDonnell, Patrick; Saunders, Helena (1993). "Sit on Your Hands: Strategies to Prevent Signing". In Fischer, Renate; Lane, Harlan (eds.). Looking Back: A Reader on the History of Deaf Communities and their Sign Languages. Hamburg: Signum. pp. 255–260. <a href="https://archive.org/details/lookingbackreade00fisc/page/255" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/lookingbackreade00fisc/page/255</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>LeMaster 1990. - LeMaster, Barbara Celeste (1990). The Maintenance and Loss of Female and Male Signs in the Dublin Deaf Community (dissertation). Ann Arbor: University of California, Los Angeles. ProQuest 303886305 . <a href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/303886305" target="_blank">https://www.proquest.com/docview/303886305</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Leeson & Grehan 2004. - Leeson, Lorraine; Grehan, Carmel (2004). "To The Lexicon and Beyond: The Effect of Gender on Variation in Irish Sign Language". In Van Herreweghe, Mieke; Vermeerbergen, Myriam (eds.). To the Lexicon and Beyond: Sociolinguistics in European Deaf Communities. Washington DC: Gallaudet University Press. pp. 39–73. JSTOR j.ctv2rh28cx.7. ResearchGate:260038564 . <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2rh28cx.7" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2rh28cx.7</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Leeson 2005. - Leeson, Lorraine (2005). "Vying with Variation: Interpreting Language Contact, Gender Variation and Generational Difference". In Janzen, Terry (ed.). Topics in Signed Language Interpreting. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. 251–292. doi:10.1075/btl.63.15lee. Academia:1059902 . <a href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fbtl.63.15lee" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fbtl.63.15lee</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Leeson & Saeed 2012. - Leeson, Lorraine; Saeed, John I. (2012). Irish Sign Language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ResearchGate:229083728 . <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229083728" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229083728</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Leonard 2005. - Leonard, Cormac (2005). "Signs of diversity: use and recognition of gendered signs among your Irish Deaf people". Deaf Worlds. 21 (2): 62–77. Academia:3987155 . <a href="https://www.academia.edu/3987155" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/3987155</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Grehan 2008. - Grehan, Carmel (2008). Communication Islands: The Impact of Segregation on Attitudes to ISL among a Sample of Graduates of St. Mary's School for Deaf Girls (unpublished M.Phil. dissertation). Dublin: Trinity College. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Leeson & Saeed 2012. - Leeson, Lorraine; Saeed, John I. (2012). Irish Sign Language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ResearchGate:229083728 . <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229083728" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229083728</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Irish Sign Language given official legal recognition". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2018-01-16. <a href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/irish-sign-language-given-official-legal-recognition-1.3338081" target="_blank">https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/irish-sign-language-given-official-legal-recognition-1.3338081</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"President signs Irish Sign Language bill into law". RTE.ie. 2017-12-24. Retrieved 2018-01-16. <a href="https://www.rte.ie/news/ireland/2017/1224/929482-sign-language-bill/" target="_blank">https://www.rte.ie/news/ireland/2017/1224/929482-sign-language-bill/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Dáil passes 'historic' sign language legislation". RTE.ie. 2017-12-14. Retrieved 2017-12-14. <a href="https://www.rte.ie/news/2017/1213/927259-irish-sign-language/" target="_blank">https://www.rte.ie/news/2017/1213/927259-irish-sign-language/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Irish Sign Language set to be given official status - Independent.ie". Independent.ie. Retrieved 2017-12-14. <a href="https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/irish-sign-language-set-to-be-given-official-status-36407921.html" target="_blank">https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/irish-sign-language-set-to-be-given-official-status-36407921.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Irish sign language set to receive official recognition". Breaking News. 2017-12-14. Retrieved 2017-12-14. <a href="https://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/irish-sign-language-set-to-receive-official-recognition-818648.html" target="_blank">https://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/irish-sign-language-set-to-receive-official-recognition-818648.html</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>