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German Sign Language
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<h2 id="recognition">Recognition</h2> <p>Germany has a very strong <a href="/facts/Oralism/RyNS9jDz">oralist</a> tradition and historically has seen a suppression of sign language. German Sign Language was first <a href="/facts/Recognition_of_sign_languages/CCaoevCj">legally recognised</a> in <i>The Federal Disability Equality Act (2002)</i> in May 2002.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Since then, deaf people have a legal entitlement to Sign Language interpreters when communicating with federal authorities, free of charge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p>Very few television programs include an interpreter; those that do are the news and a news "round-up". There is at least one programme conducted entirely in German Sign Language called <i>Sehen statt Hören</i> (Seeing Instead of Hearing), a documentary-style programme produced by the <a href="/facts/Bayerischer_Rundfunk/q9QVV7vt">Bayerischer Rundfunk</a> (BR) and broadcast on Saturday mornings on Bayerischer Rundfunk and the other regional state broadcasters in Germany. </p><p>In 2018, the Luxembourgish <a href="/facts/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Luxembourg)/kHPGAmab">Chamber of Deputies</a> voted unanimously to recognise German Sign Language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="german-and-german-sign-language">German and German Sign Language</h2> <p>German Sign Language is unrelated to <a href="/facts/German_(language)/oWaQIDA8">spoken German</a>. While spoken German builds sentences following a <i>subject – verb – object</i> pattern, German Sign Language uses a <i>subject object verb</i> strategy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Thus, the two have very different grammars, though as the dominant language of the region, German has had some influence on German Sign Language. A signed system that follows German grammar, <a href="/facts/Signed_German/NVnVXsVt">Signed German</a> (<i>Lautsprachbegleitende Gebärden</i> or <i>Lautbegleitende Gebärden</i>, "sound-accompanying signs"), is used in education. It is not used as a natural means of communication between deaf people. Another system of manually representing German is <a href="/facts/Cued_speech/q1W5EykB">cued speech</a>, known as <i>Phonembestimmes Manualsystem</i> (Phonemic Manual System). </p> <h2 id="manual-alphabet-and-fingerspelling">Manual alphabet and fingerspelling</h2> <p>German Sign Language uses a one-handed <a href="/facts/Manual_alphabet/WSc3GMEy">manual alphabet</a> ('Fingeralphabet' in German) derived from the French manual alphabet of the 18th century; it is related to manual alphabets used across Europe and in North America. It differs from the ASL manual alphabet in the shape of the letter T and in the addition of a letter SCH (a 'five' hand). The additional letters for Ä, Ö, Ü, and ß are formed by moving the letters for A, O, U, and S a short distance downwards. </p> <h2 id="dialects-and-related-languages">Dialects and related languages</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/German_Sign_Language_family/R1912n9L">German Sign Language family</a></p> <p>Regional variants of German Sign Language include Hamburg, Berlin, and Munich sign. Sign languages of regions in the former <a href="/facts/East_Germany/PwI902Q6">East Germany</a> have a greater divergence from sign languages of the western regions; some may be unrelated. <a href="/facts/Polish_Sign_Language/pXgwccNW">Polish Sign Language</a> is descended from German Sign Language. <a href="/facts/Israeli_Sign_Language/bmDgpH3l">Israeli Sign Language</a> may be as well, as it evolved from the sign language used by German Jewish teachers who opened a school for deaf children in Jerusalem in 1932, and still shows some resemblance to its German counterpart. It is not related to <a href="/facts/Austrian_Sign_Language/x6dEqbAE">Austrian Sign Language</a>, which is used in parts of southern Germany, nor to <a href="/facts/Swiss_Sign_Language/G8x56nSh">Swiss Sign Language</a>, both of which are part of the <a href="/facts/French_Sign_Language_family/p3JjCTf7">French Sign Language family</a>, though they have had some influence from German Sign Language. </p> <h2 id="notation-systems">Notation systems</h2> <p>Everyday users of German Sign Language use no written form of the language. In academic contexts, German Sign Language is usually described with the <a href="/facts/Hamburg_Notation_System/e150gEUy">Hamburg notation system</a> or HamNoSys. <a href="/facts/SignWriting/JgKqV5at">SignWriting</a> also has its adherents in Germany. </p> <h2 id="grammar">Grammar</h2> <p>The grammar of German Sign Language may be described in terms of the conventional linguistic categories <a href="/facts/Phonology/qWAsvnok">phonology</a>, <a href="/facts/Morphology_(linguistics)/fWkzsYE8">morphology</a>, <a href="/facts/Morphosyntax/fWkzsYE8">morphosyntax</a> and <a href="/facts/Syntax/6PxSV98p">syntax</a>. </p> <h3>Phonology</h3> <p>Signs are made up of a combination of different elements from each of the classes of <a href="/facts/Distinctive_feature/Q8y7Fyc9">distinctive features</a>: handshape, hand orientation, location and movement. If one of these elements is changed, it can result in a sign with a completely different meaning. Two signs differing in only one element are deemed to be a <a href="/facts/Minimal_pair/KGTdjE94">minimal pair</a>. German Sign Language uses 32 handshapes, of which six are basic handshapes found in all sign languages. </p><p>Two-handed signs are signs which are necessarily performed with both hands. Their formation is in accordance with certain <a href="/facts/Phonotactics/SqxGkJ67">phonotactic</a> limitations, such as the rule of symmetry (when both hands move at the same time, they have the same handshape) and the rule of dominance (if the two hands have different handshapes, only the dominant hand is moved while the non-dominant hand remains passive). </p><p>Uninflected lexical signs in German Sign Language have at most two syllables. <a href="/facts/Syllable/Ylt7pyJe">Syllables</a> consist of two syllabic positions, described as <i>Hold</i> (H) and <i>Movement</i> (M). <i>Holds</i> consist of the handshape together with the hand orientation (together referred to as the hand configuration) at a specific location in signing space. <i>Holds</i> do not contain any change of location (movement from one location to another). <i>Movements</i>, on the other hand, involve a change of location and may involve secondary movements such as wiggling of the fingers. Syllables may then be grouped into the following types: M (the minimal syllable), HM, MH, HMH (the maximal syllable). In the case of HM syllables, for example, the hand configuration of the <i>Movement</i> moves away from the location of the <i>Hold</i>. A syllable of type M can consist of the following specifications: a path movement (from one location to another), a path movement with secondary movement (such as wiggling or twisting), or a secondary movement without path movement. The syllable type H (a segment without a <i>Movement</i>) is not allowed for phonotactical reasons. </p><p>An elementary component of lexical signs are non-manual lexical markings, such as movements of eyes (rolling, widening), mouth (puffing, rounding) and face, as well as the whole head (nodding, tilting) and upper body (leaning). These are obligatory accompaniments of a quarter of all lexical signs. Making visual syllables with the mouth is referred to as <a href="/facts/Mouthing/DQrHbkIE">mouthing</a>. </p> <h3>Syntax</h3> <h4>Clause structure</h4> <h5>Unmarked word order</h5> <p>The <a href="/facts/Markedness/vofcEvg6">unmarked</a> <a href="/facts/Word_order/nXtB9Gm2">word order</a> in DGS is <a href="/facts/Subject-object-verb/yqAybkWr">subject-object-verb</a>, similar to languages such as Turkish, Japanese and Latin, but differing from <a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a>. </p> 1)<p>[PRON]2</p><p>you</p><p>subject</p><p>ARBEIT</p><p>work</p><p>object</p><p>SUCH-</p><p>search</p><p>verb</p><p>[PRON]2 ARBEIT SUCH-</p><p>you work search</p><p>subject object verb</p><p>'You are looking for a job.'</p> 2)<p>[PRON]1</p><p>I</p><p>Subject</p><p>BROT</p><p>bread</p><p>Object</p><p>1GEB-2[cl:Brot]</p><p>I-give-you(-something-bread-shaped)</p><p>Verb</p><p>[PRON]1 BROT 1GEB-2[cl:Brot]</p><p>I bread I-give-you(-something-bread-shaped)</p><p>Subject Object Verb</p><p>'I give you (the) bread.'</p> <p>If an indirect object appears in the sentence, it stands before the direct object. </p> 3)<p>[PRON]1</p><p>I</p><p>Subject</p><p>[POSS]1 VATER3</p><p>my father</p><p>indirect object</p><p>BROT</p><p>bread</p><p>direct object</p><p>1GEB-3[cl:Brot]</p><p>I-give-him(-something-bread-shaped)</p><p>verb</p><p>[PRON]1 {[POSS]1 VATER3} BROT 1GEB-3[cl:Brot]</p><p>I {my father} bread I-give-him(-something-bread-shaped)</p><p>Subject {indirect object} {direct object} verb</p><p>'I give my father (the) bread.'</p> <p>In sentences with chains of verbs, auxiliary verbs and similar usually appear after the full verb, the opposite of English word order. </p> 4)<p>[PRON]2</p><p>you</p><p>Subject</p><p>ARBEIT</p><p>work</p><p>object</p><p>SUCH-</p><p>search</p><p>"full verb"</p><p>MÜSS-</p><p>must</p><p>"auxiliary"</p><p>[PRON]2 ARBEIT SUCH- MÜSS-</p><p>you work search must</p><p>Subject object {"full verb"} "auxiliary"</p><p>'You have to look for a job.'</p> 5)<p>[PRON]1</p><p>I</p><p>Subject</p><p>RADFAHR-</p><p>ride-a-bike</p><p>"full verb"</p><p>KÖNN-NICHT</p><p>cannot</p><p>"auxiliary</p><p>[PRON]1 RADFAHR- KÖNN-NICHT</p><p>I ride-a-bike cannot</p><p>Subject {"full verb"} "auxiliary</p><p>'I can't ride a bike.'</p> 6)<p>[PRON]1</p><p>I</p><p>Subject</p><p>KOMM-</p><p>come</p><p>"full verb"</p><p>VERSUCH-</p><p>try</p><p>"auxiliary"</p><p>[PRON]1 KOMM- VERSUCH-</p><p>I come try</p><p>Subject {"full verb"} "auxiliary"</p><p>'I'll try to come.'</p> 7)<p>[PRON]1</p><p>I</p><p>Subject</p><p>WOHNUNG</p><p>apartment</p><p>Object</p><p>PUTZ-</p><p>clean</p><p>"full verb"</p><p>KEINE-LUST-HAB-</p><p>can't-be-bothered</p><p>"Modalverb"</p><p>[PRON]1 WOHNUNG PUTZ- KEINE-LUST-HAB-</p><p>I apartment clean can't-be-bothered</p><p>Subject Object {"full verb"} "Modalverb"</p><p>'I can't be bothered cleaning the apartment.'</p> <p>The Personal Agreement Marker (glossed as "PAM"), which looks almost like the sign for "person" and may be accompanied by the mouthing "auf" ("on"), is a sign used to indicate the location in signing space of animate objects when the verb in the sentence does not do this. It roughly fills the roll of object pronouns, however it seems to function more as an auxiliary verb, inflecting for person where the main verb does not. Although there is considerable variation, especially across dialects, it tends to occur where auxiliaries occur, after the verb, rather than in the object slot. The benefactive marker (glossed as "BEM") is similarly placed. </p> 8)<p>[PRON]1</p><p>I</p><p>Subject</p><p>LIEB-</p><p>love</p><p>"full verb"</p><p>[PAM]2</p><p>you</p><p>"auxiliary"</p><p>[PRON]1 LIEB- [PAM]2</p><p>I love you</p><p>Subject {"full verb"} "auxiliary"</p><p>'I love you.'</p> 9)<p>[PRON]1</p><p>I</p><p>Subject</p><p>ARZT3</p><p>doctor</p><p>Object</p><p>LIEB-</p><p>love</p><p>"full verb"</p><p>[PAM]3</p><p>him/her</p><p>"auxiliary"</p><p>[PRON]1 ARZT3 LIEB- [PAM]3</p><p>I doctor love him/her</p><p>Subject Object {"full verb"} "auxiliary"</p><p>'I love the doctor.'</p> 10)<p>[PRON]1</p><p>I</p><p>Subject</p><p>BUCH</p><p>book</p><p>object</p><p>KAUF-</p><p>buy</p><p>"full verb"</p><p>[BEM]2</p><p>for-you</p><p>"auxiliary"</p><p>[PRON]1 BUCH KAUF- [BEM]2</p><p>I book buy for-you</p><p>Subject object {"full verb"} "auxiliary"</p><p>'I bought a book for you.'</p> <p>Time expressions (<i>tomorrow</i>, <i>next week</i>) appear at the beginning of the sentence (as a discourse topic). </p> 11)<p>GESTERN</p><p>yesterday</p><p>Time</p><p>FRAU3</p><p>woman</p><p>Subject</p><p>[POSS]1 SCHWESTER4</p><p>my sister</p><p>Indirect object</p><p>BUCH</p><p>book</p><p>Direct object</p><p>3GEB-4[cl:Buch]</p><p>she-give-her(-something-book-shaped)</p><p>Verb</p><p>GESTERN FRAU3 {[POSS]1 SCHWESTER4} BUCH 3GEB-4[cl:Buch]</p><p>yesterday woman {my sister} book she-give-her(-something-book-shaped)</p><p>Time Subject {Indirect object} {Direct object} Verb</p><p>'Yesterday a/the woman gave my sister a/the book.'</p> <p>Phrases specifying location tend to occur at the beginning of the sentence (after the time information). </p> 12)<p>GESTERN</p><p>yesterday</p><p>Time</p><p>UNIVERSITÄT [LOK]A</p><p>university there</p><p>Location</p><p>[PRON]1</p><p>I</p><p>Subject</p><p>MANN NETT</p><p>man nice</p><p>Object</p><p>KENNENLERN-</p><p>meet</p><p>Verb</p><p>GESTERN {UNIVERSITÄT [LOK]A} [PRON]1 {MANN NETT} KENNENLERN-</p><p>yesterday {university there} I {man nice} meet</p><p>Time Location Subject Object Verb</p><p>'I met a nice man at the university yesterday.'</p> <p>This follows the figure-ground-principle, according to which smaller, more mobile referents (figures) tend to occur after larger, less mobile referents (ground). </p> 13)<p>WALDA</p><p>forest</p><p>Ground</p><p>HAUS</p><p>house</p><p>Figure</p><p>STEH-in-A[cl:Haus]</p><p>house-shaped-object-is-situated-there</p><p>Verb</p><p>WALDA HAUS STEH-in-A[cl:Haus]</p><p>forest house house-shaped-object-is-situated-there</p><p>Ground Figure Verb</p><p>'There is a house in the forest.'</p> <p>Sentence <a href="/facts/Adverb/gDhqt9np">adverbs</a> often appear at the beginning of the sentence. </p> 14)<p>HOFF</p><p>hope</p><p>Sentence adverb</p><p>[PRON]3</p><p>s/he</p><p>Subject</p><p>HUND</p><p>dog</p><p>Object</p><p>KAUF-</p><p>buy</p><p>Verb</p><p>HOFF [PRON]3 HUND KAUF-</p><p>hope s/he dog buy</p><p>{Sentence adverb} Subject Object Verb</p><p>'Hopefully s/he'll buy a dog.'</p> <p>However, <a href="/facts/Adverb/gDhqt9np">adverbs</a> that modify the verb but which cannot be expressed non-manually follow the verb as an extra clause. </p> 15)<p>[POSS]1 CHEF</p><p>my boss</p><p>Subject</p><p>TANZ-,</p><p>dance</p><p>Verb</p><p>SCHÖN</p><p>beautiful</p><p>Adverbial clause</p><p>{[POSS]1 CHEF} TANZ-, SCHÖN</p><p>{my boss} dance beautiful</p><p>Subject Verb {Adverbial clause}</p><p>'My boss dances beautifully. / My boss dances and it's beautiful.'</p> <p>Wh-words (interrogatives) usually occur at the end of the sentence after the verb. </p> 16)<p>[PRON]2</p><p>you</p><p>Subject</p><p>BESTELL-</p><p>order</p><p>"full verb"</p><p>WÜNSCH-</p><p>desire</p><p>"auxiliary"</p><p>WAS</p><p>what</p><p>Wh</p><p>[PRON]2 BESTELL- WÜNSCH- WAS</p><p>you order desire what</p><p>Subject {"full verb"} "auxiliary" Wh</p><p>'What would you like to order?'</p> 17)<p>[PRON]2</p><p>you</p><p>Subject</p><p>D-G-S</p><p>DGS</p><p>object</p><p>LERN-</p><p>learn</p><p>"full verb"</p><p>WÜNSCH-</p><p>desire</p><p>"auxiliary"</p><p>WARUM</p><p>why</p><p>Wh</p><p>[PRON]2 D-G-S LERN- WÜNSCH- WARUM</p><p>you DGS learn desire why</p><p>Subject object {"full verb"} "auxiliary" Wh</p><p>'Why do you want to learn DGS?'</p> 18)<p>[PRON]2</p><p>du</p><p>Subject</p><p>SOZIAL WISSENSCHAFT</p><p>social sciences</p><p>Object</p><p>STUDIER-</p><p>study-at-university</p><p>"full verb"</p><p>ANFANG-</p><p>begin</p><p>"auxiliary"</p><p>WANN</p><p>when</p><p>Wh</p><p>[PRON]2 {SOZIAL WISSENSCHAFT} STUDIER- ANFANG- WANN</p><p>du {social sciences} study-at-university begin when</p><p>Subject Object {"full verb"} "auxiliary" Wh</p><p>'How long have you been studying social sciences at university?'</p> <p>Some signs with a negative meaning tend to occur at the end of the sentence. </p> 19)<p>[PRON]1</p><p>ich</p><p>Subject</p><p>[POSS]2 GELIEBTE(R)</p><p>your partner</p><p>Object</p><p>KENNENLERN-</p><p>meet</p><p>Verb</p><p>NOCH-NICHT</p><p>not-yet</p><p>Negation</p><p>[PRON]1 {[POSS]2 GELIEBTE(R)} KENNENLERN- NOCH-NICHT</p><p>ich {your partner} meet not-yet</p><p>Subject Object Verb Negation</p><p>'I haven't met your girlfriend/boyfriend/partner/husband/wife yet.'</p> 20)<p>[PRON]1</p><p>I</p><p>Subject</p><p>ESS-</p><p>eat</p><p>"full verb"</p><p>WÜNSCH-</p><p>desire</p><p>"auxiliary"</p><p>NICHTS</p><p>nothing</p><p>negation</p><p>[PRON]1 ESS- WÜNSCH- NICHTS</p><p>I eat desire nothing</p><p>Subject {"full verb"} "auxiliary" negation</p><p>'I don't want to eat anything (at all).'</p> <p>However, if the negation is not emphasised, it can also appear in the expected position. </p> 21)<p>[PRON]1</p><p>I</p><p>Subject</p><p>NICHTS</p><p>nothing</p><p>object</p><p>ESS-</p><p>eat</p><p>"full verb"</p><p>WÜNSCH-</p><p>desire</p><p>"auxiliary"</p><p>[PRON]1 NICHTS ESS- WÜNSCH-</p><p>I nothing eat desire</p><p>Subject object {"full verb"} "auxiliary"</p><p>'I don't want to eat anything.'</p> <p>Determiners (<a href="/facts/Article_(grammar)/dLXmIPh1">articles</a>, <a href="/facts/Demonstrative/XAM9dxwK">demonstratives</a>, <a href="/facts/Quantifier_(linguistics)/4Tbm2NGQ">quantifiers</a>, <a href="/facts/Relative_pronouns/55bNzVPY">relative pronouns</a>) follow the noun. </p> 22)<p>BUCH</p><p>book</p><p>Noun</p><p>[DEM]A</p><p>this</p><p>Determiner</p><p>BUCH [DEM]A</p><p>book this</p><p>Noun Determiner</p><p>'this book'</p> <p>Their function is to set the location of referents within the signing space. If this is indicated instead by directional verbs, determiners can always be omitted, provided they are not required for other reasons (such as showing possession, pluralisation, etc.) There is no distinction between definite and indefinite articles. </p><p>Attributive <a href="/facts/Adjective/0ohBjtmT">adjectives</a> follow immediately after the noun. </p> 23)<p>BUCH</p><p>book</p><p>Noun</p><p>NEU</p><p>new</p><p>Adjective</p><p>BUCH NEU</p><p>book new</p><p>Noun Adjective</p><p>'a/the new book'</p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Copula_(linguistics)/nFkAhQhL">copula</a> <i>to be</i> does not exist in DGS. Predicative adjectives are generally separated from the noun by a <a href="/facts/Determiner/PENQvAFs">determiner</a>. </p> 24)<p>BUCH</p><p>book</p><p>Noun</p><p>[DEM]A</p><p>this</p><p>Determiner</p><p>NEU</p><p>new</p><p>Adjective</p><p>BUCH [DEM]A NEU</p><p>book this new</p><p>Noun Determiner Adjective</p><p>'This book is new.'</p> <p>Compare the preceding sentence to the following noun phrase, in which the determiner follows the adjective. </p> 25)<p>BUCH</p><p>book</p><p>Noun</p><p>NEU</p><p>new</p><p>Adjective</p><p>[DEM]A</p><p>this</p><p>Determiner</p><p>BUCH NEU [DEM]A</p><p>book new this</p><p>Noun Adjective Determiner</p><p>'this new book'</p> <p><a href="/facts/Possessive_adjectives/qP939GQl">Possessive adjectives</a> stand between the possessor and the possession. </p> 26)<p>MANN3</p><p>man</p><p>Possessor</p><p>[POSS]3</p><p>his</p><p>Possessive</p><p>AUTO</p><p>car</p><p>Possession</p><p>MANN3 [POSS]3 AUTO</p><p>man his car</p><p>Possessor Possessive Possession</p><p>'the man's car'</p> <p>Here is an example of a longer but nevertheless simple, unmarked sentence. </p> 27)<p>LETZTE-WOCHE</p><p>last-week</p><p>Time</p><p>[POSS]1 VATER3 [POSS]3 HAUS [LOK]A</p><p>my father his house there</p><p>Location</p><p>[PRON]2</p><p>you</p><p>Subject</p><p>[POSS]1 MUTTER4</p><p>my mother</p><p>Indirect object</p><p>GELD</p><p>money</p><p>Direct object</p><p>2GEB-4</p><p>you-give-her</p><p>"full verb"</p><p>WÜNSCH-</p><p>desire</p><p>"auxiliary"</p><p>WARUM</p><p>why</p><p>Wh</p><p>LETZTE-WOCHE {[POSS]1 VATER3 [POSS]3 HAUS [LOK]A} [PRON]2 {[POSS]1 MUTTER4} GELD 2GEB-4 WÜNSCH- WARUM</p><p>last-week {my father his house there} you {my mother} money you-give-her desire why</p><p>Time Location Subject {Indirect object} {Direct object} {"full verb"} "auxiliary" Wh</p><p>'Why did you want to give my mother money at my father's house last week?'</p> <h5>Marked sentences</h5> <p>Parts of the sentence which are moved outside of their usual unmarked position are accompanied by non-manual marking. </p><p>Sentence elements (with the exception of verbs) can be <a href="/facts/Topic_and_comment/vow08bl6">topicalised</a> by being moved to the beginning of the sentence and marked with raised eyebrows. </p> 28)<p>eyebrows raised</p><p>FRAU [DEM]A</p><p>woman that</p><p>Topicalised object</p><p> </p><p>[PRON]1</p><p>I</p><p>Subject</p><p>head shake</p><p>MÖG-</p><p>don't-like</p><p>Verb</p><p>{eyebrows raised} {} {head shake}</p><p>{FRAU [DEM]A} {[PRON]1} MÖG-</p><p>{woman that} I don't-like</p><p>{Topicalised object} Subject Verb</p><p>'I don't like that woman. / That woman, I don't like.'</p> <p>Often, a topic doesn't otherwise have any other role in the sentence. In these cases, it represents a limitation of the scope of the sentence. Compare the following three sentences. </p> 29)<p>[PRON]1</p><p>I</p><p>Subject</p><p>ITALIEN</p><p>Italy</p><p>Object</p><p>LIEBHAB-</p><p>adore</p><p>Verb</p><p>[PRON]1 ITALIEN LIEBHAB-</p><p>I Italy adore</p><p>Subject Object Verb</p><p>'I love Italy.'</p> 30)<p>eyebrows raised</p><p>LAND</p><p>country</p><p>Topic</p><p> </p><p>[PRON]1</p><p>I</p><p>Subject</p><p> </p><p>ITALIEN</p><p>Italy</p><p>Object</p><p> </p><p>LIEBHAB-</p><p>adore</p><p>Verb</p><p>{eyebrows raised} {} {} {}</p><p>LAND [PRON]1 ITALIEN LIEBHAB-</p><p>country I Italy adore</p><p>Topic Subject Object Verb</p><p>'My favourite country is Italy.'</p> 31)<p>eyebrows raised</p><p>ESSEN</p><p>food</p><p>Topic</p><p> </p><p>[PRON]1</p><p>I</p><p>Subject</p><p> </p><p>ITALIEN</p><p>Italy</p><p>Object</p><p> </p><p>LIEBHAB-</p><p>adore</p><p>Verb</p><p>{eyebrows raised} {} {} {}</p><p>ESSEN [PRON]1 ITALIEN LIEBHAB-</p><p>food I Italy adore</p><p>Topic Subject Object Verb</p><p>'My favourite food is Italian.'</p> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>"German Sign Language Dictionary" – Maisch, Günther, and Fritz-H. Wisch (1987–89). <i>Gebärden-Lexikon.</i> Hamburg: Verlag hörgeschädigter Kinder.</li> <li>"German Sign Language" Rammel, Georg (1974). <i>Die Gebärdensprache: Versuch einer Wesenanalyse.</i> Berlin-Charlottenburg: Marhold.</li> <li>"Signed German" Hogger, Birgit (1991). <i>Linguistische Überlegungen zur lautsprachbegleitenden Gebärdung.</i> Hörgeschädigtenpädagogik, v.45 no.4, p. 234-237</li> <li>Daniela Happ, Marc-Oliver Vorköper: <i>Deutsche Gebärdensprache : Ein Lehr- und Arbeitsbuch</i>. Fachhochschulverlag, Frankfurt am Main 2006, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-936065-76-4</li> <li>Helen Leuninger: <i>Gebärdensprachen : Struktur, Erwerb, Verwendung</i>. Buske, Hamburg 2005, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-87548-353-7</li> <li>Bross F (2020). <a href="http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/256"><i>The clausal syntax of German Sign Language</i></a> (pdf). Berlin: Language Science Press. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.3560718">10.5281/zenodo.3560718</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-96110-219-8.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.signges.rwth-aachen.de/">Competence Center for Sign Language and Gesture</a> at <a href="/facts/RWTH_Aachen_University/m85nNsAH">RWTH Aachen University</a> (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140208053733/http://www.gebaerdensprache.de/">Archived</a> 2014-02-08 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> (in German))</li> <li><a href="https://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/lr/compendium/language/gsg.html">List of online DGS corpora and lexical ressources at Sign Language Dataset Compendium</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080826085756/http://www.wiksign.org/lsf/Langue%3ASignes_du_Monde#Allemagne">List of online DGS dictionaries at WikiSign</a> (Internet Archive copy, 26 Aug 2008)</li> <li><a href="https://www.idgs.uni-hamburg.de/en.html">Institute of German Sign Language and Communication of the Deaf</a> at <a href="/facts/University_of_Hamburg/BeercIta">University of Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="https://www-i6.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/aslr/">Work on Automatic Sign Language Recognition</a> at <a href="/facts/RWTH_Aachen_University/m85nNsAH">RWTH Aachen University</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.gehoerlosen-bund.de">Website of the German National Association of the Deaf</a> (in German)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"German sign language unanimously recognised". RTL Today. <a href="https://today.rtl.lu/news/luxembourg/a/1214521.html" target="_blank">https://today.rtl.lu/news/luxembourg/a/1214521.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"ANED – countries – Germany – Facts and figures". disability-europe.net. Retrieved March 20, 2011.[permanent dead link] <a href="http://www.disability-europe.net/en/countries/Germany/DE-2-factsEN.jsp?jsEnabled=1" target="_blank">http://www.disability-europe.net/en/countries/Germany/DE-2-factsEN.jsp?jsEnabled=1</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Deutscher Gehörlosen-Bund e.V. <a href="http://www.gehoerlosenbund.de" target="_blank">http://www.gehoerlosenbund.de</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"German sign language unanimously recognised". RTL Today. <a href="https://today.rtl.lu/news/luxembourg/a/1214521.html" target="_blank">https://today.rtl.lu/news/luxembourg/a/1214521.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Bross, Fabian; Hole, Daniel (2017). "Scope-taking strategies and the order of clausal categories in German Sign Language". Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics. 2. doi:10.5334/gjgl.106. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fgjgl.106" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fgjgl.106</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>