Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Library (computing)
open-in-new
<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The idea of a computer library dates back to the first computers created by <a href="/facts/Charles_Babbage/T3jklQcd">Charles Babbage</a>. An 1888 paper on his <a href="/facts/Analytical_Engine/Ts9xduLI">Analytical Engine</a> suggested that computer operations could be punched on separate cards from numerical input. If these operation punch cards were saved for reuse then "by degrees the engine would have a library of its own."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> </p> <p>In 1947 <a href="/facts/Herman_Goldstine/hTJkC0fu">Goldstine</a> and <a href="/facts/John_von_Neumann/aUk6urof">von Neumann</a> speculated that it would be useful to create a "library" of <a href="/facts/Subroutine/9vFJrg0A">subroutines</a> for their work on the <a href="/facts/IAS_machine/I9jvvKS5">IAS machine</a>, an early computer that was not yet operational at that time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> They envisioned a physical library of <a href="/facts/Magnetic_wire_recording/S9Jhs6Sy">magnetic wire recordings</a>, with each wire storing reusable computer code.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p>Inspired by von Neumann, <a href="/facts/Maurice_Wilkes/2RJ58EKc">Wilkes</a> and his team constructed <a href="/facts/EDSAC/nyK6xJ7B">EDSAC</a>. A <a href="/facts/Filing_cabinet/9abXYDwo">filing cabinet</a> of <a href="/facts/Punched_tape/8HI7dThI">punched tape</a> held the subroutine library for this computer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Programs for EDSAC consisted of a main program and a sequence of subroutines copied from the subroutine library.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> In 1951 the team published the first textbook on programming, <i><a href="/facts/The_Preparation_of_Programs_for_an_Electronic_Digital_Computer/YjlnESbJ">The Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer</a></i>, which detailed the creation and the purpose of the library.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a> included "primitive capabilities for a library system" in 1959,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> but <a href="/facts/Jean_E._Sammet/cYLAq0M4">Jean Sammet</a> described them as "inadequate library facilities" in retrospect.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/JOVIAL/1xLISDrj">JOVIAL</a> has a Communication Pool (COMPOOL), roughly a library of header files. </p><p>Another major contributor to the modern library concept came in the form of the <a href="/facts/Subprogram/9vFJrg0A">subprogram</a> innovation of <a href="/facts/FORTRAN/m1KqjcMU">FORTRAN</a>. FORTRAN subprograms can be compiled independently of each other, but the compiler lacked a <a href="/facts/Linker_(computing)/pn1hztYe">linker</a>. So prior to the introduction of modules in Fortran-90, <a href="/facts/Type_checking/Tz0bAMS9">type checking</a> between FORTRAN<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> subprograms was impossible.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>By the mid 1960s, copy and macro libraries for assemblers were common. Starting with the popularity of the <a href="/facts/IBM_System%2f360/7znvpy4K">IBM System/360</a>, libraries containing other types of text elements, e.g., system parameters, also became common. </p><p>In <a href="/facts/OS%2f360_and_successors/nQbdNbx6">IBM's OS/360 and its successors</a> this is called a <a href="/facts/Data_set_(IBM_mainframe)/ker4c5te">partitioned data set</a>. </p><p>The first <a href="/facts/Object-oriented_programming/TxNMEcao">object-oriented programming</a> language, <a href="/facts/Simula/gaEVG7SL">Simula</a>, developed in 1965, supported adding <a href="/facts/Class_(computer_science)/zvzkSAtE">classes</a> to libraries via its compiler.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="linking">Linking</h2> <p>The <i>linking</i> (or <i>binding</i>) process resolves references known as <i>symbols</i> (or <i>links</i>) by searching for them in various locations including configured libraries. If a <a href="/facts/Linker_(computing)/pn1hztYe">linker</a> (or binder) does not find a symbol, then it fails, but multiple matches may or may not cause failure. </p><p><i>Static linking</i> is linking at <a href="/facts/Link_time/KeAbhnFd">build time</a>, such that the library executable code is included in the program. <i>Dynamic linking</i> is linking at <a href="/facts/Runtime_(program_lifecycle_phase)/lCxKsrzB">run time</a>; it involves building the program with information that supports run-time linking to a dynamic link library (DLL). For dynamic linking, a compatible DLL file must be available to the program at run time, but for static linking, the program is standalone. </p><p><i>Smart linking</i> is performed by a build tool that excludes unused code in the linking process. For example, a program that only uses integers for arithmetic, or does no arithmetic operations at all, can exclude floating-point library routines. This can lead to smaller program file size and reduced memory usage. </p> <h2 id="relocation">Relocation</h2> <p>Some references in a program or library module are stored in a relative or symbolic form which cannot be resolved until all code and libraries are assigned final static addresses. <a href="/facts/Relocation_(computer_science)/yKQLrrPE">Relocation</a> is the process of adjusting these references, and is done either by the linker or the <a href="/facts/Loader_(computing)/eIK4f2xB">loader</a>. In general, relocation cannot be done to individual libraries themselves because the addresses in memory may vary depending on the program using them and other libraries they are combined with. <a href="/facts/Position-independent_code/jhgplpJ0">Position-independent code</a> avoids references to absolute addresses and therefore does not require relocation. </p> <h2 id="categories">Categories</h2> <h3>Executable</h3> <p>An executable library consists of code that has been converted from source code into <a href="/facts/Machine_code/bgdQ1Fxf">machine code</a> or an intermediate form such as <a href="/facts/Bytecode/EPkMFR7M">bytecode</a>. A linker allows for using library objects by associating each reference with an address at which the object is located. For example, in <a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a>, a library function is invoked via C's normal function call <a href="/facts/Syntax_(programming_languages)/zM5oInza">syntax</a> and <a href="/facts/Semantics_(computer_science)/JEP1zyBv">semantics</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>A variant is a library containing compiled code (object code in IBM's nomenclature) in a form that cannot be loaded by the OS but that can be read by the linker. </p> <h3>Static</h3> <p>A <a href="/facts/Static_library/CB39voVa">static library</a> is an executable library that is linked into a program at build-time by a linker (or whatever the build tool is called that does linking).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> This process, and the resulting stand-alone file, is known as a <a href="/facts/Static_build/Crs7sJ8T">static build</a> of the program. A static build may not need any further <a href="/facts/Relocation_(computer_science)/yKQLrrPE">relocation</a> if <a href="/facts/Virtual_memory/Lw2GemF5">virtual memory</a> is used and no <a href="/facts/Address_space_layout_randomization/K6lMxWTr">address space layout randomization</a> is desired.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>A static library is sometimes called an <i>archive</i> on Unix-like systems. </p> <h3>Dynamic</h3> <p>A <a href="/facts/Dynamic_library/4vQ2J2xS">dynamic library</a> is linked when the program is run – either at <a href="/facts/Load-time/eIK4f2xB">load-time</a> or <a href="/facts/Runtime_(program_lifecycle_phase)/lCxKsrzB">runtime</a>. The dynamic library was intended after the static library to support additional <a href="/facts/Software_deployment/9yMpwGTu">software deployment</a> flexibility. </p> <h3>Source</h3> <p>A source library consists of source code; not compiled code. </p> <h3>Shared</h3> <p>A <a href="/facts/Shared_library/xRzL3P7q">shared library</a> is a library that contains <a href="/facts/Executable_code/VSst9eLA">executable code</a> designed to be used by multiple <a href="/facts/Computer_program/e38jH9N9">computer programs</a> or other libraries at <a href="/facts/Runtime_(program_lifecycle_phase)/lCxKsrzB">runtime</a>, with only one copy of that code in memory, shared by all programs using the code.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h3>Object</h3> <p>Although generally an obsolete technology today, an object library exposes resources for <a href="/facts/Object-oriented_programming/TxNMEcao">object-oriented programming</a> (OOP) and a distributed object is a remote object library. Examples include: <a href="/facts/Component_Object_Model/2DtIAufW">COM</a>/DCOM, <a href="/facts/System_Object_Model/qsIp6YLa">SOM</a>/DSOM, <a href="/facts/Distributed_Objects_Everywhere/mDIFSPVG">DOE</a>, <a href="/facts/Portable_Distributed_Objects/hVHNHdxk">PDO</a> and various <a href="/facts/CORBA/VUDlTHs5">CORBA</a>-based systems. </p><p>The object library technology was developed since as OOP became popular, it became apparent that OOP runtime binding required information than contemporary libraries did not provide. In addition to the names and entry points of the code located within, due to inheritance, OOP binding also requires a list of dependencies – since the full definition of a method may be in different places. Further, this requires more than listing that one library requires the services of another. In OOP, the libraries themselves may not be known at <a href="/facts/Compile_time/yCdI3oqn">compile time</a>, and vary from system to system. </p><p>The remote object technology was developed in parallel to support multi-tier programs with a <a href="/facts/User_interface/e9sPEWVD">user interface</a> application running on a <a href="/facts/Personal_computer/koaYfNce">personal computer</a> (PC) using services of a <a href="/facts/Mainframe_computer/nrBR6rWa">mainframe</a> or <a href="/facts/Minicomputer/g8hvpQxe">minicomputer</a> such as data storage and processing. For instance, a program on a PC would send messages to a minicomputer via <a href="/facts/Remote_procedure_call/uMMb9CQw">remote procedure call</a> (RPC) to retrieve relatively small samples from a relatively large dataset. In response, distrubuted object technology was developed. </p> <h3>Class</h3> <p>A class library contains <a href="/facts/Class_(computer_science)/zvzkSAtE">classes</a> that can be used to create <a href="/facts/Object_(computer_science)/eX99dtAw">objects</a>. In <a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a>, for example, classes are contained in <a href="/facts/Jar_(file_format)/LcIBCWXT">JAR files</a> and objects are created at runtime from the classes. However, in <a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a>, a class library is the starting point for a <a href="/facts/System_image/4J8x2lBy">system image</a> that includes the entire state of the environment, classes and all instantiated objects. Most class libraries are stored in a <a href="/facts/Package_repository/TlX4RM8Y">package repository</a> (such as Maven Central for Java). Client code explicitly specifies dependencies to external libraries in build configuration files (such as a Maven Pom in Java). </p> <h3>Remote</h3> <p>A remote library runs on another computer and its assets are accessed via <a href="/facts/Remote_procedure_call/uMMb9CQw">remote procedure call</a> (RPC) over a network. This <a href="/facts/Distributed_computing/o5nyhqTF">distributed architecture</a> allows for minimizing installation of the library and support for it on each consuming system and ensuring consistent versioning. A significant downside is that each library call entails significantly more overhead than for a local library. </p> <h3>Runtime</h3> <p>A <a href="/facts/Runtime_library/TJjgyw3t">runtime library</a> provides access to the <a href="/facts/Runtime_environment/YmCuC4xP">runtime environment</a> that is available to a program – tailored to the host <a href="/facts/Computer_platform/DmKwp5Bk">platform</a>. </p> <h3>Language standard</h3> <p>Many modern <a href="/facts/Programming_languages/cWTYbgWa">programming languages</a> specify a <a href="/facts/Standard_library/g9QS3vy0">standard library</a> that provides a base level of functionality for the language environment. </p> <h3>Code generation</h3> <p>A code generation library has a high-level <a href="/facts/Application_Programming_Interface/GMlN4vUr">API</a> generating or transforming <a href="/facts/Byte_code/EPkMFR7M">byte code</a> for <a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a>. They are used by <a href="/facts/Aspect-oriented_programming/HK7CFwan">aspect-oriented programming</a>, some data access frameworks, and for testing to generate dynamic proxy objects. They also are used to intercept field access.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="file-naming">File naming</h2> <h3>Unix-like</h3> <p>On most modern <a href="/facts/Unix-like/YAKrAxzd">Unix-like</a> systems, library files are stored in directories such as /lib, /usr/lib and /usr/local/lib. A filename typically starts with lib, and ends with .a for a static library (<a href="/facts/Ar_(file_format)/1MUuS0pp">archive</a>) or .so for a shared object (dynamically linked library). For example, libfoo.a and libfoo.so. </p><p>Often, <a href="/facts/Symbolic_link/laB0S68t">symbolic link</a> files are used to manage versioning of a library by providing a link file named without a version that links to a file named with a version. For example, libfoo.so.2 might be version 2 of library <i>foo</i> and a link file named libfoo.so provides a version independent name to that file that programs link to. The link file could be changed to a refer to a version 3 (libfoo.so.3) such that consuming programs will then use version 3 without having to change the program. </p><p>Files with extension .la are <a href="/facts/Libtool/nz8UBcCj">libtool</a> archives; not usable by the system. </p> <h3>macOS</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Dynamic_linker/4vQ2J2xS">Dynamic linker § macOS and iOS</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/MacOS/Y93vVpTm">macOS</a> system inherits static library conventions from <a href="/facts/BSD/XQKcURrh">BSD</a>, with the library stored in a .a file. It uses either .so or .dylib for dynamic libraries. Most libraries in macOS, however, consist of "frameworks", placed inside special directories called "<a href="/facts/Bundle_(macOS)/IAyST9QI">bundles</a>" which wrap the library's required files and metadata. For example, a framework called Abc would be implemented in a bundle called Abc.framework, with Abc.framework/Abc being either the dynamically linked library file or a symlink to the dynamically linked library file in Abc.framework/Versions/Current/Abc. </p> <h3>Windows</h3> <p>Often, a <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Windows/bwhAhuSL">Windows</a> <a href="/facts/Dynamic-link_library/vySyC1dz">dynamic-link library</a> (DLL) has the file extension .dll,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> although sometimes different extensions are used to indicate general content, e.g. .ocx for a <a href="/facts/Object_Linking_and_Embedding/Eabu8Qnl">OLE</a> library. </p><p>A .lib file can be either a static library or contain the information needed to build an application that consumes the associated DLL. In the latter case, the associated DLL file must be present at runtime. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Code_reuse/DVohfy6U">Code reuse</a> – Using existing code in new software</li> <li><a href="/facts/Object_file/sFBvosE4">Object file</a> – File containing relocatable format machine code</li> <li><a href="/facts/Plug-in_(computing)/351Du3Wu">Plug-in</a> – Software component that extends the functionality of existing software</li> <li><a href="/facts/Prelink/BEgQJShv">Prelink</a>, also known as prebinding</li> <li><a href="/facts/Runtime_library/TJjgyw3t">Runtime library</a> – Access to a program's runtime environment</li> <li><a href="/facts/Visual_Component_Library/YxGluXeP">Visual Component Library</a> – Object Pascal framework for Windows (VCL)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Component_Library_for_Cross_Platform/6r100lCf">Component Library for Cross Platform</a> (CLX)</li> <li><a href="/facts/C_standard_library/qdG1nW2c">C standard library</a> – Standard library for the C programming language</li> <li><a href="/facts/Java_Class_Library/ntRSwVde">Java Class Library</a> – Core Java libraries</li> <li><a href="/facts/Framework_Class_Library/DtSqC9YS">Framework Class Library</a> – Standard library of Microsoft's .NET Framework</li> <li><a href="/facts/Generic_programming/kqtqJk7p">Generic programming</a> – Style of computer programming (used by the <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B_Standard_Library/A5vQNSAD">C++ Standard Library</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Soname/ylI8x9mE">soname</a> – Field of data in a shared object file</li> <li><a href="/facts/Method_stub/oG08a8Ad">Method stub</a> – Short and simple version of a method</li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_open_source_code_libraries/Ig3Wv2tJ">List of open source code libraries</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/John_R._Levine/MqFpsPto">Levine, John R.</a> (2000) [October 1999]. "Chapter 9: Shared Libraries & Chapter 10: Dynamic Linking and Loading". <a href="https://www.iecc.com/linker/"><i>Linkers and Loaders</i></a>. The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Software Engineering and Programming (1 ed.). San Francisco, USA: <a href="/facts/Morgan_Kaufmann/HfefrWju">Morgan Kaufmann</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-55860-496-0. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42413382">42413382</a>. <a href="https://archive.today/20121205032107/http://www.iecc.com/linker/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-12-05. Retrieved 2020-01-12. Code: <a href="https://archive.today/20200114225034/https://linker.iecc.com/code.html">[1]</a><a href="ftp://ftp.iecc.com/pub/linker/">[2]</a> Errata: <a href="https://linker.iecc.com/">[3]</a></li> <li>Article <i><a href="http://www.lurklurk.org/linkers/linkers.html">Beginner's Guide to Linkers</a></i> by David Drysdale</li> <li>Article <i><a href="http://objprelink.sourceforge.net/objprelink.html">Faster C++ program startups by improving runtime linking efficiency</a></i> by Léon Bottou and John Ryland</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060628062553/http://www.enderunix.org/simsek/articles/libraries.pdf">How to Create Program Libraries</a>[<i>usurped</i>] by Baris Simsek</li> <li><a href="https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs-2.30/bfd/index.html">BFD</a> - the Binary File Descriptor Library</li> <li><a href="http://lcsd05.cs.tamu.edu">1st Library-Centric Software Design Workshop LCSD'05</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828045251/http://lcsd05.cs.tamu.edu/">Archived</a> 2019-08-28 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> at OOPSLA'05</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060618065018/http://lcsd.cs.tamu.edu/2006/">2nd Library-Centric Software Design Workshop LCSD'06</a> at OOPSLA'06</li> <li><a href="http://people.redhat.com/drepper/dsohowto.pdf">How to create shared library</a> by Ulrich Drepper (with much background info)</li> <li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-dynamic-libraries/">Anatomy of Linux dynamic libraries</a> at IBM.com</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Babbage, H. P. (1888-09-12). "The Analytical Engine". Proceedings of the British Association. Bath. <a href="https://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/hpb.html" target="_blank">https://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/hpb.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Goldstine, Herman H. (2008-12-31). The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann. Princeton: Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9781400820139. ISBN 978-1-4008-2013-9. <a href="978-1-4008-2013-9" target="_blank">978-1-4008-2013-9</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Goldstine, Herman; von Neumann, John (1947). Planning and coding of problems for an electronic computing instrument (Report). Institute for Advanced Study. pp. 3, 21–22. OCLC 26239859. it will probably be very important to develop an extensive "library" of subroutines <a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldstine" target="_blank">/wiki/Herman_Goldstine</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Wilkes, M. V. (1951). "The EDSAC Computer". 1951 International Workshop on Managing Requirements Knowledge. 1951 International Workshop on Managing Requirements Knowledge. IEEE. p. 79. doi:10.1109/afips.1951.13. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/afips.1951.13" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/afips.1951.13</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Campbell-Kelly, Martin (September 2011). "In Praise of 'Wilkes, Wheeler, and Gill'". Communications of the ACM. 54 (9): 25–27. doi:10.1145/1995376.1995386. S2CID 20261972. <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2011/9/122802-in-praise-of-wilkes-wheeler-and-gill/fulltext" target="_blank">https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2011/9/122802-in-praise-of-wilkes-wheeler-and-gill/fulltext</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Wilkes, Maurice; Wheeler, David; Gill, Stanley (1951). The Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer. Addison-Wesley. pp. 45, 80–91, 100. OCLC 641145988. <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkes" target="_blank">/wiki/Maurice_Wilkes</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Wexelblat, Richard (1981). History of Programming Languages. ACM Monograph Series. New York, NY: Academic Press (A subsidiary of Harcourt Brace). p. 274. ISBN 0-12-745040-8. <a href="0-12-745040-8" target="_blank">0-12-745040-8</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Wexelblat, op. cit., p. 258 <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>It was possible earlier between, e.g., Ada subprograms. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Wilson, Leslie B.; Clark, Robert G. (1988). Comparative Programming Languages. Wokingham, England: Addison-Wesley. p. 126. ISBN 0-201-18483-4. <a href="0-201-18483-4" target="_blank">0-201-18483-4</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Wilson and Clark, op. cit., p. 52 <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Wexelblat, op. cit., p. 716 <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Deshpande, Prasad (2013). Metamorphic Detection Using Function Call Graph Analysis (Thesis). San Jose State University Library. doi:10.31979/etd.t9xm-ahsc. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Static Libraries". TLDP. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03. Retrieved 2013-10-03. <a href="http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Program-Library-HOWTO/static-libraries.html" target="_blank">http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Program-Library-HOWTO/static-libraries.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Kaminsky, Dan (2008). "Chapter 3 - Portable Executable and Executable and Linking Formats". Reverse Engineering Code with IDA Pro. Elsevier. pp. 37–66. doi:10.1016/b978-1-59749-237-9.00003-x. ISBN 978-1-59749-237-9. Retrieved 2021-05-27. <a href="978-1-59749-237-9" target="_blank">978-1-59749-237-9</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Collberg, Christian; Hartman, John H.; Babu, Sridivya; Udupa, Sharath K. (2003). SLINKY: Static Linking Reloaded. USENIX '05. Department of Computer Science, University of Arizona. Archived from the original on 2016-03-23. Retrieved 2016-03-17. <a href="http://usenix.org/legacy/publications/library/proceedings/usenix05/tech/general/full_papers/collberg/collberg_html/main.html" target="_blank">http://usenix.org/legacy/publications/library/proceedings/usenix05/tech/general/full_papers/collberg/collberg_html/main.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Levine, John R. (2000). "9. Shared Libraries". Linkers and Loaders. ISBN 1-55860-496-0. <a href="1-55860-496-0" target="_blank">1-55860-496-0</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>UNIX System V/386 Release 3.2 Programmers Guide, Vol. 1 (PDF). Prentice Hall. 1989. p. 8-2. ISBN 0-13-944877-2. <a href="0-13-944877-2" target="_blank">0-13-944877-2</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Shared Libraries in SunOS" (PDF). pp. 1, 3. <a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs414/2001FA/sharedlib.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs414/2001FA/sharedlib.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Code Generation Library". Source Forge. Archived from the original on 2010-01-12. Retrieved 2010-03-03. Byte Code Generation Library is high level API to generate and transform JAVA byte code. It is used by AOP, testing, data access frameworks to generate dynamic proxy objects and intercept field access. <a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/cglib/" target="_blank">https://sourceforge.net/projects/cglib/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Bresnahan, Christine; Blum, Richard (2015-04-27). LPIC-1 Linux Professional Institute Certification Study Guide: Exam 101-400 and Exam 102-400. John Wiley & Sons (published 2015). p. 82. ISBN 9781119021186. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-09-03. Linux shared libraries are similar to the dynamic link libraries (DLLs) of Windows. Windows DLLs are usually identified by .dll filename extensions. <a href="9781119021186" target="_blank">9781119021186</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>