Rebracketing

<h2 id="role-in-forming-new-words">Role in forming new words</h2>
Before the increased standardization of the English language in the modern period, many new words entered its lexicon in exactly the way just described. A 15th century English cook may once have said something like: "Ah, I found this ewt and this nadder in my napron while baking numble-pie." A few generations later the cook's descendant would have said: "Ah, I found this newt and this adder in my apron while baking (h)umble-pie." Over the course of time these words were misheard and resegmented: ewt became newt, nadder became adder, napron became apron, numble-pie became (h)umble pie. The force behind these particular resegmentations, and by far the most powerful force behind any such resegmentations in the English language, was the "movable-n" of the indefinite article a(n), of the possessive pronouns my(n) and thy(n), and of the old dative case of the definite article the(n). The biforms no/none, the prepositions in and on, the conditional conjunction an even, the shortened form n (and), and the inflectional endings in -n may also have played a part. Through the process of <a href="/facts/Prothesis_(linguistics)/6noca7B8">prothesis</a>, in which the sound at the end of a word is transferred to the beginning of the word following, or conversely <a href="/facts/Apheresis_(linguistics)/t9qNG34x">apheresis</a>, in which the sound at the beginning of a word is transferred to the end of the word preceding, old words were resegmented and new words formed. So through prothesis an ewt became a newt. Conversely through aphaeresis a nadder became an adder, a napron became an apron, and a numble-pie became an (h)umble-pie. Many other words in the English language owe their existence to just this type of resegmentation: e.g., nickname, ninny, namby-pamby, nidiot/nidget, <a href="/facts/Nonce_word/xayljaQV">nonce word</a>, nother, and notch through prothesis of n; auger, umpire, orange, eyas, atomy, emony, ouch, and aitch-bone, through aphaeresis of n.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a>

<h3>Creation of productive affixes</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Libfix/9Nfv39RX">Libfix</a>
Many productive affixes have been created by rebracketing, such as -athon from Marathon, -holic from alcoholic, and so on. These unetymological affixes are <a href="/facts/Libfix/9Nfv39RX">libfixes</a>.

<h2 id="examples">Examples</h2>
<ul><li>The origins of the word hamburger were in a form of ground meat dish originating from <a href="/facts/Hamburg/kmAAsYtT">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a>. The bracketing of the original was hamburg‧er, but after its introduction into the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>, it was soon factorized as ham‧burger (helped by <a href="/facts/Ham/DY7QXl50">ham</a> being a form of meat). This led to the creation of the independent suffix -burger: chickenburger, fishburger, etc. In the original etymology, burg was town and burger was a resident, or something related to the town; after refactorization it becomes a chunk of meat for a sandwich, although a hamburger does not contain ham.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a></li>
<li>The English word outrage is a <a href="/facts/Loanword/PWGYczgY">loanword</a> from French, where it was formed by combining the adverb outre (meaning "beyond") with the suffix -age, rendering a bracketing of outr‧age and a meaning of "beyondness" (from what is acceptable). The rebracketing as a compound of out- with the noun or verb rage has led to both a different pronunciation than the one to be expected for such a loanword (compare umbrage) and an additional meaning of "angry reaction" not present in French.</li>
<li>The English helico‧pter, from <a href="/facts/Greek_language/pzDd6eIz">Greek</a> heliko- ("turning") and pteron ("wing"), has been rebracketed to modern heli‧copter (as in jetcopter, heliport).</li>
<li>cybern‧etics (from Greek kubernān and -ētēs) has been split into cyber‧netics (as in cyber‧space).</li>
<li>prosthodontics contains the prefix prosth(o)-, which arose by misdivision of prosthe‧tic into prosth- and -etic. The word comes from Greek pros ("in front of") and thē-, the <a href="/facts/Root_(linguistics)/VwkvmJxn">root</a> of the verb tithēmi ("I place").</li>
<li>The dog breed Labrad‧oodle (a cross between a <a href="/facts/Labrador_Retriever/movBWo1w">Labrador Retriever</a> and <a href="/facts/Poodle/sVFk17hI">Poodle</a>) has been rebracketed to Labra‧doodle, leading to the -doodle suffix in other Poodle crossbreeds such as the <a href="/facts/Goldendoodle/jn8wEI7D">Goldendoodle</a> and Aussiedoodle.</li>
<li>The word alcohol‧ic derives from alcohol (itself a junctureless rebracketing of Arabic al-kuḥl) and -ic. Words for other addictions have formed by treating -holic as a suffix: workaholic, chocoholic, etc.</li>
<li>In Romance languages, repeated rebracketing can change an initial l to an n (first removing the l by analyzing it as the definite article l', and then adding n by rebracketing from the indefinite article un), or the reverse. Examples include:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>
<ul><li>Latin *libellu ("level") becoming nivel in Portuguese, Romanian, and Spanish, and niveau in French.</li>
<li>Latin unicornis ("unicorn") became licorne in French, via unicorne > une icorne (a unicorn), and finally, with juncture loss, l'icorne (the unicorn) > licorne.</li></ul></li>
<li>In <a href="/facts/Swahili_language/sLzhutLC">Swahili</a>, kitabu ("book") is derived from <a href="/facts/Arabic/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a> kitāb (كتاب). However, the word is split as a native Swahili word (ki- + tabu) and declined accordingly (plural vitabu).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> This violates the original <a href="/facts/Triliteral_root/S73FvfPz">triliteral root</a> of the original Arabic (<a href="/facts/K-T-B/jPobREV7">K-T-B</a>).</li>
<li>Many words coined in a scientific context as neologisms are formed with suffixes arising from rebracketing existing terms. One example is the suffix -ol used to name <a href="/facts/Alcohol_(chemistry)/Y0SCTDkh">alcohols</a>, such as <a href="/facts/Methanol/EIfpoNCg">methanol</a>. Its origin is the rebracketing of al‧cohol as alcoh‧ol. The word alcohol derives from the Arabic al-kuḥl, in which al is the definite article and kuḥl (i.e., <a href="/facts/Kohl_(cosmetics)/g3YNp9hS">kohl</a>) is based on the Semitic triliteral root K-Ḥ-L.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> The suffix -ome, as in <a href="/facts/Genome/31Sm08JT">genome</a>, is occasionally suggested as being a rebracketing of chromo‧some as chromos‧ome,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> but see discussion at <a href="/facts/Omics/e1KybBYT">Omics</a> asserting a derivation from other, similar coinages.</li>
<li>In <a href="/facts/Scottish_Gaelic/KMI4MmzJ">Scottish Gaelic</a>, the <a href="/facts/Definite_article/dLXmIPh1">definite article</a> is pronounced run together with vowel-initial nouns without audible gap, similar to <a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a>. This union has provided a rich source of opportunities for rebracketing. Historically the article's various case-, number-, and gender-specific forms ended in either a vowel, a nasal or an /<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a>/, the latter later becoming an /<a href="/facts/Voiceless_glottal_fricative/lfRB7CPW">h</a>/ over time. Over time, the last syllable of the article was either eroded completely or weakened and partially lost, but where rebracketing had occurred, what had been the final consonant of the article came to be treated as the initial of the following noun. Example: an inghnean ( < *(s)indā inigenā) gave rise to an alternative form an ighean (the girl) this in turn becoming an nighean. As a second, more extreme example, the Scottish Gaelic words for nettle include neanntag, eanntag, deanntag, and even feanntag. In addition, many forms of the article cause grammatically conditioned <a href="/facts/Initial_consonant_mutation/8nkhym6h">initial consonant mutation</a> of the following noun. The original cause of this mutation in the <a href="/facts/Celtic_language/edRrGrMF">Celtic languages</a> was an across-the-board <a href="/facts/Lenition/htEV4TwT">change of pronunciation</a> of certain non-<a href="/facts/Gemination/SWW77Fxw">geminate</a> consonants where they were either trapped between two vowels, or else between a vowel or certain other consonants. Mutation gave rise to yet more possibilities for reanalysis, the form feanntag mentioned earlier possibly being one such example. Calder 'A Gaelic Grammar' (1923) has a useful list.</li></ul>
<h2 id="examples-of-false-splitting">Examples of false splitting</h2>
<h3>In English</h3>

For a list of words relating to examples of juncture loss in English, see the English rebracketings category of words in <a href="/facts/Wiktionary/CkYghv2h">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.

As demonstrated in the examples above, the primary reason of juncture loss in English is the confusion between "a" and "an". In <a href="/facts/Blackletter/9r62McCb">Medieval script</a>, words were often written so <a href="/facts/Scriptio_continua/Yc8Jogxa">close together</a> that for some <a href="/facts/Middle_English/dj1wHvwd">Middle English</a> scholars it was hard to tell where one began and another ended. The results include the following words in English:

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Vipera_berus/59lmS71R">adder</a>: Middle English a naddre ("a snake") taken for an addre.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Pelvis/8Fq9z3TY">aitchbone</a>: Middle English a nachebon ("a buttock bone") taken for an hach boon.</li>
<li>another, formed by combining "an other" into one word, is sometimes colloquially split into "a nother" and a qualifier inserted as in "a whole nother issue".</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Apron/tejYnJeM">apron</a>: Middle English a napron taken for an apron.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Auger_(drill)/rhuYs41D">auger</a>: Middle English a nauger taken for an auger.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Chord_(music)/hJBCHCSB">chord</a>: Middle English accord (harmony) taken for a cord, later influenced by "chord" (archaic name for a string), which has another etymology.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Decoy/BPm0o3EN">decoy</a>: Most commonly thought to stem from Dutch de kooi, in which de is the definite article and kooi means cage. An alternative theory is that the Dutch compound noun eendenkooi, earlier spelled eendekooi, meaning "duck decoy", from eend "duck" + kooi, was reanalyzed and split, in the process of being transferred to English, as een dekooi, in which een is the Dutch indefinite article.</li>
<li>eyas: Middle English a niyas (from French niais from Late Latin nidiscus (from Latin nidus = "nest")) taken for an eias.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Humble_pie/JdkXawNW">humble pie</a>: Middle English a numble taken for an umble (ultimately from Latin lumbulus, this is also an example of <a href="/facts/Homorganic_consonants/fLorsj2K">homorganicness</a>).</li>
<li>lone: Middle English al one (all one) taken for a-lone.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Newt/2KNMYeSn">newt</a>: Middle English an eute (cognate with eft) taken for a neute.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Nickname/o51t47pJ">nickname</a>: Middle English an eke name ("an additional name") taken for a neke name.</li>
<li>the nonce: Middle English, for old English þen ānes (the one [occasion]).</li>
<li>nuncle (dialectal form of <a href="/facts/Uncle/8N1pXnFA">uncle</a>): Middle English mine uncle taken for my nuncle.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Omelette/4PFfTeV4">omelette</a>: Seventeenth-century English loanword from French, developed there via earlier forms amelette, alemette and alemelle from la lemelle ("the omelette") taken for l'alemelle; ultimately from Latin lamella ("blade"), perhaps because of the thin shape of the omelette (<a href="/facts/SOED/bAChvAdr">SOED</a>).</li>
<li>ought ["zero"]: Middle English a nought ("a nothing") taken for an ought. Ultimately distinct from Old English naught ("nothing"), of complex and convergent etymology, from na ("not") and wight ("living thing, man"), but cf. aught ("anything", "worthy", etc.), itself ultimately from aye ("ever") and wight (<a href="/facts/SOED/bAChvAdr">SOED</a>).</li>
<li>tother: Middle English (now dialectal) that other taken for the tother.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Umpire/WI6Cj07I">umpire</a>: Middle English a noumpere taken for an oumpere.</li></ul>
<h3>In French</h3>
In <a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a> similar confusion arose between "le/la" and "l'-" as well as "de" and "d'-".

<ul><li>French démonomancie ("<a href="/facts/Methods_of_divination/2mFtcpNL">demonomancy</a>") taken for d'émonomancie ("of <a href="/facts/Methods_of_divination/2mFtcpNL">emonomancy</a>").</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Old_French/QcRpPdAc">Old French</a> lonce ("<a href="/facts/Lynx/Ww7zLbsI">lynx</a>") taken for l'once, thus giving rise to once (hence English: ounce), now more often applied to the <a href="/facts/Snow_leopard/8UG3fcRq">snow leopard</a>.</li>
<li>Old French une norenge ('an orange') taken for une orenge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a></li>
<li>boutique from Greek-derived Latin apotheca, a change found in some Romance languages (e.g. Italian bottega, Spanish bodega, Sicilian putìa), a putative proto-Romance l'aboteca or l'abodega taken for la + <a href="/facts/Lexeme/CtHGorv4">lexeme</a>.</li>
<li>licorne ("unicorn") from rebracketing of l'icorne; icorne itself comes from rebracketing of Old French unicorne as une icorne.</li>
<li>lierre ("ivy") from Old French liere, a rebracketing of l'iere.</li></ul>
<h3>In Dutch</h3>
Dutch shares several examples with English, but also has some of its own. Many examples were created by reanalysing an initial n- as part of a preceding article or case ending.

<ul><li>adder: As in English.</li>
<li>arreslee (<a href="/facts/Horse/uQ3FA0Ak">horse</a>-drawn <a href="/facts/Sleigh/llktnpSX">sleigh</a>): From early modern Dutch een (n)arreslede, from nar "fool, jester" + slede "sleigh".</li>
<li>avegaar "auger": As in English.</li>
<li>omelet "omelette": As in English.</li>
<li>spijt "pity, regret": From Middle Dutch despijt, from Old French despit "spite". Reanalysed as de spijt "the pity".</li>
<li>Rijsel "Lille" : from ter IJsel "at the Isle", reanalyzed as te Rijsel "at Lille".</li></ul>
<h3>In Arabic</h3>
In <a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a> the confusion is generally with non-Arabic words beginning in "al-" (al is Arabic for "the").

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Alexander_the_Great/8N3gLElj">Alexander the Great</a> has been interpreted in Arabic as <a href="/facts/Iskandar_(name)/IhSqLnW4">Iskandar</a>; by extension:
<ul><li>Greek Alexandreia (<a href="/facts/Alexandria/hdg1twWA">Alexandria</a>) taken for al Exandreia (and thus Al-Iskandariyah; this is also an example of <a href="/facts/Metathesis_(linguistics)/qPNPuQW1">metathesis</a>).</li>
<li>Greek Alexandretta taken for al Exandretta (and thus Iskenderun; this too is an example of metathesis).</li></ul></li>
<li>Visigothic Ulishbona (<a href="/facts/Lisbon/zFTcC99e">Lisbon</a>) taken for ul Ishbona (and thus medieval Arabic al-Ishbūnah).</li></ul>
<h3>In Greek</h3>
<ul><li>Negroponte (<a href="/facts/Euboea/YEvmF1Eb">Euboea</a>) from στὸ Νεύριπον (sto Nevripon), rebracketing of στὸν Εὔριπον (ston Evripon), and then a <a href="/facts/Folk_etymology/vgVL6xdX">folk etymology</a> connecting it to Italian negro 'black' and ponte 'bridge'<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a></li>
<li>Cattaro (<a href="/facts/Kotor/LwE1PTB8">Kotor</a>) from Δεκάτερα, Decatera splitting to De Catera (of Catera) in Italian, then to Cattaro/Kotor.</li></ul>
<h2 id="examples-of-juncture-loss">Examples of juncture loss</h2>
<ul><li>ajar from on char ("on turn").</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Alligator/8eVwtou3">alligator</a> from Spanish el lagarto ("the lizard").</li>
<li>alone from all one.</li>
<li>atone from at one.</li></ul>
<h3>From Arabic "al"</h3>
Perhaps the most common case of juncture loss in English comes from the Arabic al- (mentioned above), mostly via Spanish, Portuguese, and Medieval Latin:

<h4>Spanish</h4>
<ul><li>Arabic al-faṣfaṣa in <a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a> as alfalfa, <a href="/facts/Alfalfa/Yesc424s">alfalfa</a>.</li>
<li>Arabic al-kharrūba in Spanish as algarroba, <a href="/facts/Carob/ywD6ybUg">carob</a>.</li>
<li>Arabic al-hilāl in Spanish as alfiler, pin.</li>
<li>Arabic al-hurj in Spanish as alforja, saddlebag.</li>
<li>Arabic al-<a href="/facts/Qadi/A4L7m5ca">qāḍī</a> in Spanish as alcalde, <a href="/facts/Alcalde/I1zwhf76">alcalde</a>.</li>
<li>Arabic al-<a href="/facts/Qaid/sR8TWQtC">qāʾid</a> in Spanish as alcaide, commander.</li>
<li>Arabic al-qaṣr in Spanish as alcázar, <a href="/facts/Alcazar_(disambiguation)/YHFosCvt">alcazar</a>.</li>
<li>Arabic al-qubba in Spanish as alcoba, <a href="/facts/Alcove_(architecture)/oHdG9JEQ">alcove</a>.</li>
<li>Arabic al-ʿuṣāra in Spanish as alizari, <a href="/facts/Rubia/MAt2Jnwo">madder</a> root.</li>
<li>Arabic ar-rub in Spanish as <a href="/facts/Arroba/QQh9CJK2">arroba</a>, a unit of measure.</li>
<li>Arabic az-zahr ("the dice") in Spanish as azar, "randomness", and in French and English as "<a href="/facts/Hazard/09kGfaao">hazard</a>"</li>
<li>Arabic al-fīl ("the elephant") in Spanish as alfil "chess bishop" and in Italian as alfiere "chess bishop" (whose Russian name слон (slon) also means "elephant").</li>
<li>Arabic al-bakūra in Spanish as albacora, <a href="/facts/Albacore/NwjXU3UV">albacore</a>.</li>
<li>Arabic al-ġaṭṭās in Spanish as alcatraz, <a href="/facts/Gannet/S9WHbBPC">gannet</a>.</li>
<li>Arabic al-qanṭara ("the bridge") in Spanish as <a href="/facts/Alc%25C3%25A1ntara/DdJycqeJ">Alcántara</a>.</li></ul>
<h4>Medieval Latin</h4>
<ul><li>Arabic al-ʾanbīq in <a href="/facts/Medieval_Latin/gyLMjaCX">Medieval Latin</a> as alembicus, <a href="/facts/Alembic/Fzhdute7">alembic</a>.</li>
<li>Arabic al-dabarān in Medieval Latin as Aldebaran, <a href="/facts/Aldebaran/PPa2xB93">Aldebaran</a>.</li>
<li>Arabic al-ḥinnāʾ in Medieval Latin as alchanna, <a href="/facts/Henna/dfc3pn4w">henna</a>.</li>
<li>Arabic al-ʿiḍāda in Medieval Latin as alidada, sighting rod.</li>
<li>Arabic al-jabr in Medieval Latin as algebra, <a href="/facts/Algebra/nMdqczjo">algebra</a>.</li>
<li>Arabic <a href="/facts/Al-Khwarizmi/24KdxyEQ">al-Khwarizmi</a> in Medieval Latin as algorismus, <a href="/facts/Algorithm/fnl5NmRt">algorithm</a>.</li>
<li>Arabic al-kīmiyāʾ in Medieval Latin as alchymia, <a href="/facts/Alchemy/CEx0U1Em">alchemy</a>.</li>
<li>Arabic al-kuḥl (powdered <a href="/facts/Antimony/YsA7lVgT">antimony</a>) in Medieval Latin as <a href="/facts/Alcohol_(chemistry)/Y0SCTDkh">alcohol</a>, which see for the change of meaning.</li>
<li>Arabic al-naṭḥ in Medieval Latin as Alnath, <a href="/facts/Beta_Tauri/tuUUDg9g">Elnath</a> (a star).</li>
<li>Arabic al-qily in Medieval Latin as alkali, <a href="/facts/Alkali/s6NqPGSP">alkali</a>.</li>
<li>Arabic al-qurʾān in Medieval Latin as alcorānum, <a href="/facts/Qur%2527an/39rkStko">Koran</a>.</li></ul>
<h4>Other</h4>
<ul><li>Arabic al-ġūl in English as <a href="/facts/Algol/mw03yQdn">Algol</a>.</li>
<li>Arabic al-majisti in French as almageste, <a href="/facts/Almagest/30qaBRAq">almagest</a>.</li>
<li>Arabic al-minbar in <a href="/facts/Medieval_Hebrew/tj0Gk1rA">Medieval Hebrew</a> as ʾalmēmār, <a href="/facts/Bema/EtHBmHSB">bema</a>.</li>
<li>Arabic al-qaly in English as alkali, <a href="/facts/Alkaline/s6NqPGSP">alkaline</a>.</li>
<li>Arabic al-kuħl in Old French as alcohol (modern French alcool), and in English as alcohol.</li></ul>
<h3>In Greek</h3>
Junctural metanalysis played a role in the development of new words in the earliest period of Greek literature: during the oral transmission of the Homeric epics. Many words in the Homeric epics that are etymologically inexplicable through normal linguistic analysis begin to make some sense when junctural metanalysis at some stage in the transmission is assumed: e.g., the formula eche nedumos hypnos "sweet sleep held (him)" appears to be a resegmentation of echen edumos hypnos. Steve Reece has discovered several dozen similar instances of metanalysis in Homer, thereby shedding new light on their etymologies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
Juncture loss is common in later Greek as well, especially in place names, or in borrowings of Greek names in Italian and Turkish, where particles (εις, στην, στον, σε) are fused with the original name.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> In the <a href="/facts/Cretan_dialect/xTwJslIz">Cretan dialect</a>, the se- prefix was also found in common nouns, such as secambo or tsecambo < se- + cambo 'a plain'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>
Examples:

<ul><li>Prefix "stan" < στήν 'at', 'to'
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Names_of_Istanbul/BRyLsCqd">Istanbul or Stamboul</a> and <a href="/facts/Argyroupoli%2c_Rethymno/RccdALXs">Stimpoli, Crete</a>, from "στην Πόλη" [stimˈboli], 'in the city' or 'to the city'</li>
<li>İstanköy, Stanco for the island of <a href="/facts/Kos/eloYjDgB">Kos</a></li>
<li>Standia for the island of <a href="/facts/Dia_(island)/E0PfrMBv">Dia</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Prefix "s-" < σε 'at'
<ul><li>Satines for Athines (<a href="/facts/Athens/mBxlp8X1">Athens</a>), etc.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Samsun/LpdfQeQA">Samsun</a> (s'Amison from "se" and "Amisos")</li>
<li>Sdille for <a href="/facts/Delos/xqnbmuCT">Delos</a></li>
<li>Susam for <a href="/facts/Samos/bBJufQRK">Samos</a></li>
<li>Samastro for <a href="/facts/Amasra/QShIpg2z">Amasra</a> (Greek Amastris)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Sitia/E95m3ndt">Sitia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a></li>
<li>Stamiro (?)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a></li>
<li>Stalimure (?)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Prefix 'is' < εις 'at', 'to'
<ul><li><a href="/facts/%25C4%25B0zmit/DYG8z54T">İzmit</a> from Media, with earlier İznikmit from <a href="/facts/Nicomedia/YqNU3mxd">Nicomedia</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/%25C4%25B0zmir/CUkMRT28">İzmir</a> from <a href="/facts/Smyrna/13C6gMpx">Smyrna</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/%25C4%25B0znik/cWCY9N38">İznik</a> from Nicaea ([iz nikea])</li></ul></li>
<li>Other
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Pylos/5qa0u1Xw">Navarino</a> for earlier Avarino<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Apheresis_(linguistics)/t9qNG34x">Apheresis</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Apocope/qVjb1Bye">Apocope</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Back-formation/2X5S2HPT">Back-formation</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Clipping_(morphology)/ckVHjD3q">Clipping</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Eggcorn/xfg5Uz03">Eggcorn</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Juncture/U9jw1oq0">Juncture</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Mondegreen/mjvc2Nm0">Mondegreen</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Scunthorpe_problem/LXwuEq3L">Scunthorpe problem</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Synalepha/y4gLbwpQ">Synalepha</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Synaeresis/sIVlr5cz">Synaeresis</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Syncope_(phonetics)/tL4MKHht">Syncope</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Univerbation/omkx6KbK">Univerbation</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

Etymology:

<ul><li>Hendrickson, Robert. QPB Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1998.</li>
<li>Reece, Steve. Homer's Winged Words: The Evolution of Early Greek Epic Diction in the Light of Oral Theory. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2009. [This book is concerned primarily with junctural metanalysis in ancient Greek, but it includes a chapter on Middle English, and it catalogues examples in many other languages: Sanskrit, Tocharian, Old Church Slavic, Latin, Frankish, Venetian, Turkish, Italian, French, Spanish, Haitian, German, Dutch, Irish, Gaelic, Welsh, and Arabic.]</li></ul>
Dictionaries:

<ul><li>DeVinne, Pamela B. The Tormont Webster's Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary. Boston: Tormont Publications, Inc., 1982.</li>
<li>Pickett, Joseph P. The American Heritage dictionary of the English language.—4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2000. [also: * Morris, William. The American Heritage dictionary of the English language.—new college ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1976. [also: "New College Ed.", ed. William Morris. 1976]</li>
<li>Vizetelly, Frank H. Funk & Wagnalls Practical Standard Dictionary of the English Language New York: Funk & Wagnalls Co., 1931.</li>
<li>Webster, Noah. American Dictionary of the English Language. New Haven: S. Converse, 1828.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">See p. 146 in Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" target="_blank">/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">For examples of resegmentation in Middle English in various phonetic environments, see Steve Reece, Junctural Metanalysis in Middle English, in Reece, Steve, Homer's Winged Words (Leiden: Brill, 2009) 15-26. Also Reece, Steve, "Some Homeric Etymologies in the Light of Oral-Formulaic Theory," Classical World 93.2 (1999) 185-199.https://www.academia.edu/30641357/Some_Homeric_Etymologies_in_the_Light_of_Oral-Formulaic_Theory <a href="https://www.academia.edu/30641357/Some_Homeric_Etymologies_in_the_Light_of_Oral-Formulaic_Theory" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/30641357/Some_Homeric_Etymologies_in_the_Light_of_Oral-Formulaic_Theory</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">John McWhorter (2003). The Power of Babel: A natural history of language. Harper Perennial. ISBN 9780060520854. <a href="9780060520854" target="_blank">9780060520854</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Ti Alkire, Carol Rosen (2010). Romance Languages: A Historical Introduction, p. 305. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9P3Ifze8gUQC&dq=unicorne+licorne+icorne&pg=PA305" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=9P3Ifze8gUQC&dq=unicorne+licorne+icorne&pg=PA305</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Pierre, Alexandre (1983). "Langue arabe et kiswahili" [Arabic and Kiswahili]. Langue arabe et langues africaines [Arabic and African languages] (in French). Conseil international de la langue française. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9782853191258. ainsi kitabu كتاب "livre" est interprété /ki-tabu/ avec pluriel /vi-tabu/. <a href="9782853191258" target="_blank">9782853191258</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Harper, Douglas. "methanol". Online Etymology Dictionary. <a href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=methanol" target="_blank">https://www.etymonline.com/?term=methanol</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Harper, Douglas. "genome". Online Etymology Dictionary. <a href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=genome" target="_blank">https://www.etymonline.com/?term=genome</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"orange n.1 and adj.1". Oxford English Dictionary online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-30.(subscription required) <a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/132163" target="_blank">http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/132163</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Euboea#Name <a href="/wiki/Euboea#Name" target="_blank">/wiki/Euboea#Name</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Reece, Steve (2009). Homer's Winged Words: The Evolution of Early Greek Epic Diction in the Light of Oral Theory. Leiden and Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17441-2. Also, Reece, Steve, "Some Homeric Etymologies in the Light of Oral-Formulaic Theory," Classical World 93.2 (1999) 185-199. Some Homeric Etymologies in the Light of Oral-Formulaic Theory <a href="978-90-04-17441-2" target="_blank">978-90-04-17441-2</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Bourne, Edward G. (1887). "The Derivation of Stamboul". American Journal of Philology. 8 (1). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 78–82. doi:10.2307/287478. JSTOR 287478. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Marek Stachowski, Robert Woodhouse, "The Etymology of İstanbul: Making Optimal Use of the Evidence" Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 20: 221–245 (2015) doi:10.4467/20843836SE.15.015.2801 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">C. Desimoni, V. Belgrano, eds., "Atlante Idrografico del Medio Evo posseduto dal Prof. Tammar Luxoro, Pubblicata a Fac-Simile ed Annotato", Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria, Genoa, 1867 5:103 cf. Luxoro Atlas <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mgZAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=mgZAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Thomas Abel Brimage Spratt, Travels and Researches in Crete, 1865, chapter XIX, p. 201 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abel_Brimage_Spratt" target="_blank">/wiki/Thomas_Abel_Brimage_Spratt</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Bourne, Edward G. (1887). "The Derivation of Stamboul". American Journal of Philology. 8 (1). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 78–82. doi:10.2307/287478. JSTOR 287478. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Thomas Abel Brimage Spratt, Travels and Researches in Crete, 1865, chapter XIX, p. 201 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abel_Brimage_Spratt" target="_blank">/wiki/Thomas_Abel_Brimage_Spratt</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">C. Desimoni, V. Belgrano, eds., "Atlante Idrografico del Medio Evo posseduto dal Prof. Tammar Luxoro, Pubblicata a Fac-Simile ed Annotato", Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria, Genoa, 1867 5:103 cf. Luxoro Atlas <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mgZAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=mgZAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">C. Desimoni, V. Belgrano, eds., "Atlante Idrografico del Medio Evo posseduto dal Prof. Tammar Luxoro, Pubblicata a Fac-Simile ed Annotato", Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria, Genoa, 1867 5:103 cf. Luxoro Atlas <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mgZAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=mgZAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Detailed history at Pylos#Name <a href="/wiki/Pylos#Name" target="_blank">/wiki/Pylos#Name</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

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