Frigidarium

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
Italy initially had simple baths without tubs, the lavatrinae.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> Increasing <a href="/facts/Hellenization/w07GMufL">Hellenisation</a> of Italy led to the development of bathing rooms and public baths.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> Eventually, individual standing hot water tubs were replaced by collective pools and the development of <a href="/facts/Hypocaust/RdfLyMJz">hypocaust</a> heating.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> This led to various types of heated rooms, including the caldarium, tepidarium, laconicum or sudatorium, and the frigidarium.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>

<h3>Use as Jewish mikveh and/or Christian baptism pool</h3>
There are examples from <a href="/facts/Hasmonean_dynasty/7Yalw0GN">Hasmonean</a> and <a href="/facts/Herod_the_Great/2f4RRyuW">Herodian</a> palaces in <a href="/facts/Judea/yNA3wGqQ">Judaea</a> (e.g. <a href="/facts/Hasmonean_royal_winter_palaces/x45w80hj">Jericho</a>, <a href="/facts/Herodium/I3W1XK6k">Herodium</a>), where <a href="/facts/Jews/T9Y4wE6A">Jewish</a> <a href="/facts/Mikveh/04EHhII0">ritual immersion pools</a> or mikva'ot were located in the frigidaria of the private royal bathing facilities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
A Roman octagonal bath-house, c. 14.5 m across, centered around an octagonal frigidarium pool over 4 m across and with a large <a href="/facts/Brick/2CBPgDIK">brick</a> <a href="/facts/Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)/dgX5uQjj">conduit</a> for supplying cold water, probably dated to 330–335 CE during the time of <a href="/facts/Constantine_the_Great/jW1q8TPp">Constantine the Great</a>, was excavated at Bax Farm, <a href="/facts/Teynham/bRnSCS5K">Teynham</a>, <a href="/facts/Kent/aYfQI6Fc">Kent</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> It had been suggested that the octagonal frigidarium could have been used for <a href="/facts/Christians/15hE11VR">Christian</a> <a href="/facts/Baptism/wEY6gtGA">baptism</a> or as a Jewish ritual immersion pool.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Ancient_Roman_bathing/Br6nkXpg">Ancient Roman bathing</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Palaestra/c0cLfPLq">Palaestra</a> – type of ancient Greek wrestling school with bathing facilities including a room for cold bathing, the loutrón</li></ul>

<a href="/facts/Wikisource/TrMdylNf">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition/mPElbCRY">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "Frigidarium".

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frigidaria.

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"thermae/Roman bath". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 9 July 2022. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/thermae" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/technology/thermae</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"thermae/Roman bath". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 9 July 2022. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/thermae" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/technology/thermae</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"thermae/Roman bath". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 9 July 2022. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/thermae" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/technology/thermae</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"thermae/Roman bath". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 9 July 2022. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/thermae" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/technology/thermae</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"thermae/Roman bath". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 9 July 2022. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/thermae" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/technology/thermae</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Pompeii: Baths of the Forum, photo by Ren Seindal. Re-accessed 9 July 2022. <a href="http://sights.seindal.dk/photo/9563,s1137f.html" target="_blank">http://sights.seindal.dk/photo/9563,s1137f.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Brill's New Pauly. Vol. 2: ARK-CAS. Leiden: Brill Publishers. 2002. p. 254. ISBN 9004122656. <a href="9004122656" target="_blank">9004122656</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Brill's New Pauly. Vol. 2: ARK-CAS. Leiden: Brill Publishers. 2002. p. 254. ISBN 9004122656. <a href="9004122656" target="_blank">9004122656</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Brill's New Pauly. Vol. 2: ARK-CAS. Leiden: Brill Publishers. 2002. p. 254. ISBN 9004122656. <a href="9004122656" target="_blank">9004122656</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Brill's New Pauly. Vol. 2: ARK-CAS. Leiden: Brill Publishers. 2002. p. 254. ISBN 9004122656. <a href="9004122656" target="_blank">9004122656</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Bonnie, Rick (2019). Hunter, David G.; van Geest, Paul J. J.; Lietaert Peerbolte, Bert Jan (eds.). "Bath/Mikveh: Archaeological context" (PDF). Brill Encyclopedia of Early Christianity Online. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00000401. hdl:10138/305946. Retrieved 9 July 2022 – via University of Helsinki Research Portal. <a href="https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/files/127228932/Bonnie_Mikveh_short_edited.pdf" target="_blank">https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/files/127228932/Bonnie_Mikveh_short_edited.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Wilkinson, Paul (2011). Summary. Faversham: The Kent Archaeological Field School. p. 4. Retrieved 9 July 2022. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="https://dokumen.tips/documents/an-archaeological-investigation-of-the-roman-octagonal-x1s1lyaic32atqycojt5h2btlp5pdfbax-farmpdf.html" target="_blank">https://dokumen.tips/documents/an-archaeological-investigation-of-the-roman-octagonal-x1s1lyaic32atqycojt5h2btlp5pdfbax-farmpdf.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Wilkinson, Paul (2011). Summary. Faversham: The Kent Archaeological Field School. p. 4. Retrieved 9 July 2022. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="https://dokumen.tips/documents/an-archaeological-investigation-of-the-roman-octagonal-x1s1lyaic32atqycojt5h2btlp5pdfbax-farmpdf.html" target="_blank">https://dokumen.tips/documents/an-archaeological-investigation-of-the-roman-octagonal-x1s1lyaic32atqycojt5h2btlp5pdfbax-farmpdf.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Pitts, M. (2006). "Roman pool may be for early Christian baptism". British Archaeology. No. 91. Council for British Archaeology. p. 8. Retrieved 6 October 2006 (subscription required) <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pitts_(archaeologist)" target="_blank">/wiki/Mike_Pitts_(archaeologist)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Frigidarium open-in-new

Frigidarium