GEOS (16-bit operating system)

<h2 id="pcgeos">PC/GEOS</h2>
<h3>GeoWorks Ensemble</h3>
 In 1990, GeoWorks (formerly <a href="/facts/Berkeley_Softworks/tsFK3IV7">Berkeley Softworks</a>) released PC/GEOS for <a href="/facts/IBM_PC_compatible/zGUpl7Sh">IBM PC compatible</a> systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> Commonly referred to as GeoWorks Ensemble, it was incompatible with the earlier <a href="/facts/GEOS_(8-bit_operating_system)/2a9lNX5z">8-bit versions of GEOS</a> for <a href="/facts/Commodore_International/SlfXKbCN">Commodore</a> and <a href="/facts/Apple_II/se82CNvK">Apple II</a> computers, but provided numerous enhancements, including scalable fonts and multitasking on <a href="/facts/IBM_Personal_Computer_XT/5uHxtq6H">IBM PC XT</a>- and <a href="/facts/IBM_Personal_Computer_AT/YEVHpWKF">AT</a>-class PC clones. GeoWorks saw a market opportunity to provide a graphical user interface for the 16 million older model PCs that were unable to run Microsoft Windows 2.x.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>
GEOS was packaged with a suite of productivity applications. Each had a name prefixed by "Geo": GeoWrite, GeoDraw, GeoManager, GeoPlanner, GeoDex, and GeoComm. It was also bundled with many PCs at the time, but like other GUI environments for the PC platform, such as <a href="/facts/GEM_(desktop_environment)/oE8BpWAq">Graphics Environment Manager</a> (GEM), it ultimately proved less successful in the marketplace than Windows. Former CEO of GeoWorks claims that GEOS faded away "because Microsoft threatened to withdraw supply of <a href="/facts/MS-DOS/fVrrz1uN">MS-DOS</a> to hardware manufacturers who bundled Geoworks with their machines".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>
In December 1992, <a href="/facts/NEC/YnlUsMBA">NEC</a> and <a href="/facts/Sony/7x4tCtBd">Sony</a> bundled an <a href="/facts/Original_equipment_manufacturer/hmUhIWaS">original equipment manufacturer</a> (OEM) version of GeoWorks named the CD Manager with their respective CD-ROM players that sold as retail box add-on peripherals for consumers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> The NEC Bundle retailed for around $500.00 with a 1x external <a href="/facts/CD-ROM/JwuaYLJv">CD-ROM</a>, Small Computer System Interface (<a href="/facts/SCSI/pxXulrBr">SCSI</a>) interface controller, Labtec CD-150 amplified stereo speakers and 10 software titles.
A scaled-down version of GeoWorks was used by <a href="/facts/AOL/MAbT38QS">America Online</a> for their MS-DOS-based AOL client software from the time of introduction on IBM compatible PCs until the late 1990s when America Online dropped development for graphical DOS in favor of Microsoft Windows. During that time, the popular single 3.5" <a href="/facts/Self-booting_disk/jlkbUCqx">self-booting disk</a> that AOL was distributing could be hacked to <a href="/facts/Booting/j6N1kRpc">boot</a> the GeoWorks environment.
IBM released the PC/GEOS-based <a href="/facts/EduQuest/8xSBJy7L">EduQuest</a> SchoolView network management tool for K-12 schools in 1994.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> Negotiations to make PC/GEOS an integral part of <a href="/facts/PC_DOS_7.0/ScsfqAwQ">PC DOS 7.0</a> failed.
GeoWorks attempted to get third-party developers but was unable to get much support due to expense of the developer kit, which cost $1,000 for the manuals only, and the difficult programming environment, which required a second PC networked via serial port to run the debugger.
Even though PC/GEOS is referred to as an "operating system", it still requires DOS in load. GEOS and its applications were written in a mix of 8086 <a href="/facts/Assembly_language/7XuV0cla">assembly language</a> (Espire), an interpreted language called IZL, and <a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> (GEOS Object C: GOC) with non-standard language extensions to support the <a href="/facts/Object-oriented_programming/TxNMEcao">object-oriented</a> design.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
Under <a href="/facts/DR_DOS_6.0/GcCTKutW">DR DOS 6.0</a>, if TASKMAX was loaded before PC/GEOS, PC/GEOS registered as graphical menu system for TASKMAX.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> This still worked under the pre-emptive multitasker (<a href="/facts/EMM386/PrSsvGNl">EMM386</a> /MULTI + TASKMGR) provided by <a href="/facts/Novell_DOS_7/GcCTKutW">Novell DOS 7</a>, <a href="/facts/OpenDOS_7.01/GcCTKutW">OpenDOS 7.01</a> and <a href="/facts/DR-DOS_7.02/GcCTKutW">DR-DOS 7.02</a> (and higher), allowing for multiple GEOS and DOS applications to run concurrently.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>
After the release of Ensemble 2.01, GeoWorks ended support for the desktop version to focus on handhelds and smart devices.
Geoworks Ensemble won the 1991 <a href="/facts/Software_Publishers_Association/dq5KgW7n">Software Publishers Association</a> Excellence in Software Award for Best Consumer Program.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>

<h3>NewDeal Office</h3>

A newer version of PC/GEOS was marketed in the late 1990s as NewDeal Office from NewDeal Inc. in hopes of creating a market among owners of <a href="/facts/I386/ag5eSgWv">i386</a>, <a href="/facts/I486/2zfEAXAw">i486</a>, and <a href="/facts/Pentium_(original)/dqChAmxz">Pentium</a> PCs that could not run <a href="/facts/Windows_95/1E1L93qC">Windows 95</a> or <a href="/facts/Windows_98/6qtq4oJm">Windows 98</a> effectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> NewDeal released 3 new versions of NewDeal Office (NewDeal Office 2.5, NewDeal Office 3/98 and NewDeal Office 2000) until it went bankrupt in 2000. NDO or NDO 2000 came with a webbrowser named Skipper or Skipper 2000, respectively.

<h3>Breadbox Ensemble</h3>

After "NewDeal Inc." went out of business, Breadbox purchased the rights in the software from GeoWorks in 2001.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> Their newest PC/GEOS, 4.x, is now a full productivity and internet suite, including web browser (named WebMagick) as well as email. Other essential programs such as word processing, spreadsheet, flat file database and graphics applications are integrated into this package.
On 14 November 2015, Frank S. Fischer, the CEO and owner of Breadbox Ensemble LLC, died of a heart attack, some while after announcing plans to bring GEOS to Android.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>

<h3>Versions</h3>

<ul><li>1990: OS/90 beta version</li>
<li>1990: geoDOS beta version</li>
<li>1990: GeoWorks 1.0</li>
<li>1991: GeoWorks 1.2</li>
<li>1992: GeoWorks 1.2 Pro (with <a href="/facts/Borland/crI5pTzW">Borland</a> <a href="/facts/Quattro_Pro/M1PgFfY6">Quattro Pro</a> for DOS with PC/GEOS "Look and Feel")</li>
<li>1992: GeoWorks DTP</li>
<li>1992: GeoWorks CD Manager</li>
<li>1993: GeoWorks Ensemble 2.0 (new kernel PC/GEOS 2.0)</li>
<li>1993: Geopublish 2.0</li>
<li>1994: Geoworks Ensemble 2.01</li>
<li>1996: NewDeal Office 2.2</li>
<li>1996: NewDeal Office 2.5</li>
<li>1996: NewDeal Publish 2.5 <a href="/facts/Shareware/TAhIvJXt">shareware</a> version</li>
<li>1997: NewDeal Office 97</li>
<li>1998: NewDeal Office 98</li>
<li>1999: NewDeal Office release 3 (new kernel PC/GEOS 3.0)</li>
<li>1999: NewDeal Office release 3 evaluation</li>
<li>1999: NewDeal Office 3.2</li>
<li>2000: NewDeal Office 3.2d (German patch)</li>
<li>2000: NewDeal Office 2000 (new kernel PC/GEOS 4.0)</li>
<li>2000: NewDeal Office 2000 for GlobalPC [de] (for a Surf´n´Office PC from <a href="/facts/Robert_Edward_%2522Teddy%2522_Turner_IV/KuRK4DaL">Ted Turner IV</a> (MyTurn, Inc.) with help from <a href="/facts/CNN/kEYsUQqr">CNN</a>)</li>
<li>2001: BreadBox Ensemble beta version 4.0.1.1</li>
<li>2001: BreadBox Ensemble beta version 4.0.1.x</li>
<li>2002: Breadbox Ensemble beta version 4.0.2.0</li>
<li>2005–March: Breadbox Ensemble version 4.1.0.0</li>
<li>2005–November: Breadbox Ensemble version 4.1.2.0</li>
<li>2009–August: Breadbox Ensemble version 4.1.3.0</li></ul>
<h2 id="pengeos">PEN/GEOS</h2>
PEN/GEOS 1.0 was the new name for PC/GEOS 2.0 when GeoWorks released it on 9 April 1992. PEN/GEOS 1.0 was a pioneering <a href="/facts/Personal_digital_assistant/fLTT1Uqy">personal digital assistant</a> (PDA) technology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> GEOS was also used in the low-end GeoBook <a href="/facts/Laptop/3EFwTAb2">laptop</a> from <a href="/facts/Brother_Industries/IRkortCo">Brother Industries</a> and in several <a href="/facts/Nokia_Communicator/gxghIjlJ">Nokia Communicator</a> models (GEOS 3.0 in models <a href="/facts/Nokia_9000_Communicator/5cWoHME6">9000, 9110</a>). PEN/GEOS 2.0 was released in 1992, and version 3.0 was released in 1995.

<h3>Zoomer devices; Tandy Z-PDA, AST GRiDPad 2390, Casio Z-7000 & XL 7000</h3>
PEN/GEOS 1.0 was used as the operating system for the <a href="/facts/Tandy_Corporation/QbPKovTg">Tandy Corporation</a> Z-PDA,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> which was introduced shortly after the first <a href="/facts/Apple_Newton_MessagePad/P27f0wWA">Apple Newton MessagePad</a>. <a href="/facts/Palm_Computing/UTzaHFpz">Palm Computing</a> had been incorporated to create software for this device<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> and shipped its first handwriting recognition software, PalmPrint, <a href="/facts/Personal_information_manager/rdukbr96">personal information manager</a>, Palm Organizer, and synchronization software, PalmConnect,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> on the Z-PDA. Palm Organizer included the PalmSchedule date book, PalmAddress address book, PalmNotes notebook, a dictionary, calculator, clock, forms calculator, 26 language translation dictionary, on-line help, holiday, and travel information.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> The device was also sold under license as the AST GRiDPad 2390<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> and as the Casio Z-7000 which was the best selling version. In the US, Casio sold it under the name XL-7000 without the multi-lingual interface, but added an AOL client and some USA specific help files. These devices were all named Zoomer and were the first PDAs with a connection to the online services <a href="/facts/CompuServe/Pjpdcf2a">CompuServe</a> and <a href="/facts/AOL/MAbT38QS">AOL</a>. This was made possible through the pre-installed dial-up software CompuServeAOL.

<h3>HP OmniGo 100 & 120</h3>
In 1993, GeoWorks released PEN/GEOS 2.0, again based on PC/GEOS 2.0. In 1995, this version of GEOS appeared (running on top of DOS) on the <a href="/facts/HP_OmniGo_100/PoQzdB4Y">HP OmniGo 100</a>. It featured <a href="/facts/Graffiti_(Palm_OS)/sSUnJGy7">Graffiti</a> handwriting recognition. The OmniGo is a flip-around clamshell handheld computer powered by a <a href="/facts/Vadem_VG230/gUVUbklA">Vadem VG230</a> integrated PC-on-a-chip. The VG230 chip includes an <a href="/facts/Intel_80186/jUjWLMEX">Intel 80186</a>-instruction set compatible <a href="/facts/NEC_V30/gUVUbklA">NEC V30</a> core. It was soon followed by the <a href="/facts/HP_OmniGo_120/PoQzdB4Y">HP OmniGo 120</a>, which added a high-contrast screen.

<h3>Brother LW-Writing System</h3>
<a href="/facts/Brother_Industries/IRkortCo">Brother</a> LW-screen typewriters use PEN/GEOS and are the only version of the operating system that ships with vendor-provided drivers for scanner and it included a GEOS scanning application. In Germany, the Brother LW750ic system is equipped with PEN/GEOS.

<h3>Brother GeoBook</h3>
In 1997, Brother, in collaboration with IBM, brought the GeoBook series of notebooks to market. GeoBook models NB-60, NB-80C, and PN-9100GR used a modified version of PEN/GEOS using the Yago user interface. The GeoBook series was marketed mainly in education and was part of the IBM Eduquest School View strategy.

<h3>Nokia Communicator 9000(i) and 9110(i)</h3>
In 1996, the <a href="/facts/Nokia_9000_Communicator/5cWoHME6">Nokia 9000 Communicator</a> smartphone was introduced. This phone uses PEN/GEOS 3.0 and established the smartphone market. Nokia followed with Communicator models 9000i, 9110, and 9110i.

<h2 id="geos-sc">GEOS-SC</h2>

GEOS-SC was a 32-bit <a href="/facts/Reduced_instruction_set_computer/aQbGM62p">reduced instruction set computer</a> (RISC) CPU <a href="/facts/Smartphone/cSIrBMWG">smartphone</a>, OS, and GUI for the Japanese cellphone market. It was released in 1997. Originally built as GeoWorks' planned future OS and codenamed 'Liberty', GEOS-SC became the basis for cellphones designed by <a href="/facts/Mitsubishi_Electric/aRfAQNS8">Mitsubishi Electric</a> Company (MELCO) of Japan.

<h2 id="geos-se">GEOS-SE</h2>

Alongside this, GEOS-SE which was an OS designed and developed by Eden Ltd., a UK-based company acquired in 1997 by Geoworks. It became the basis of several other devices, most notably the Seiko Epson Locatio which was a multifunction device incorporating browser, PIM software, phone, GPS and Camera. It was launched in Japan in 1998.
<h2 id="freegeos">FreeGEOS</h2>
Since 2016, the <a href="/facts/Source_code/o9J6Jv23">source code</a> of PC/GEOS has been made available as FreeGEOS and can be <a href="/facts/Compiler/WNfCDFJe">compiled</a> and edited freely.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>GEOWORKS. (1990). "Product Packaging (a printed card box with corrugated card liner) Part number: 16-2001-0101 Bar Code: 0 14233 20010 6". GeoWorks, Berkeley, CA 94704.</li>
<li>Oerttel, Burkhard. Das große Buch zu GeoWorks Pro, Ensemble & DTP, Data Becker GmbH, 1992, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-89011-586-1.</li>
<li>Oerttel, Burkhard. Das große Buch zu GeoWorks 2.0, Data Becker GmbH, 1994, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-89011-713-9.</li>
<li>Wegen, Andreas. GeoWorks DTP, Pro, Ensemble, te-wi Verlag bzw. TLC The Learning Companie, Series: Grundlagen und Praxis - Betriebssysteme, 1992, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-89362-238-1.</li>
<li>Wegen, Andreas. GeoWorks 2.0 - Bedienung, Applikationen, Beispiele, Tips, Interna, Referenz, te-wi Verlag, 1993, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-89362-333-7.</li>
<li>Seibert, Axel. GeoWorks - Ensemble Erfolgreich starten - sicher nutzen, Markt & Technik Verlag München, Series: Workshop - PC, 1991, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-87791-154-4.</li>
<li>Roßkamp, Alfred. GeoWorks Ensemble - Einführung in die Benutzerschnittstelle, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag (dtv), Series: Beck EDV-Berater im dtv (Basiswissen - GeoWorks), 1993, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-423-50152-9.</li>
<li>Bartel, Rainer. GeoWorks 1.2 & Pro - Der Einstieg in 20 Schritten, Sybex Verlag Düsseldorf, Series: Quick Start, 1992, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-88745-230-5.</li>
<li>Schölles, Reiner. GeoWorks 2.0 - Schnellanleitung, Data Becker GmbH, 1994, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-89011-787-2.</li>
<li>Paul, Matthias R.; Di Geronimo, Jr., Edward "Ed"; Groeber, Marcus; Gross, Jens-Michael (2002-03-02) [2002-02-21]. <a href="https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.os.geos.programmer/8NNPJ4VU23A/cucVV95kf9oJ">"GEOS/NDO info for RBIL62?"</a>. <a href="/facts/Usenet_newsgroup/282rotmp">Newsgroup</a>: <a href="news:comp.os.geos.programmer">comp.os.geos.programmer</a>. <a href="https://archive.today/20190420111421/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/comp.os.geos.programmer/8NNPJ4VU23A/cucVV95kf9oJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-20. Retrieved 2019-04-20.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li>Usenet
<ul><li><a href="news://comp.os.geos.misc">comp.os.geos.misc</a> newsgroup on <a href="/facts/Usenet/lYJWFBR6">Usenet</a> (<a href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.geos.misc">alternative free web access</a> using <a href="/facts/Google_Groups/rlKFIJ58">Google Groups</a>)</li>
<li><a href="news://comp.os.geos.programmer">comp.os.geos.programmer</a> newsgroup on <a href="/facts/Usenet/lYJWFBR6">Usenet</a> (<a href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.geos.programmer">alternative free web access</a> using <a href="/facts/Google_Groups/rlKFIJ58">Google Groups</a>)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003829/http://www.breadbox.com/">Breadbox Computer Company</a>, former developer and publisher of GEOS</li>
<li><a href="http://www.faqs.org/faqs/pcgeos-faq/">GEOS FAQ</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.geos-infobase.de/">GEOS-InfoBase</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/bluewaysw/pcgeos">PC/GEOS</a> on <a href="/facts/GitHub/n1hNCsc3">GitHub</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.bluewaysw.de">Official website</a> blueway.Softworks</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Welcome to Breadbox". Breadbox Computer Company. 2004-12-04. Archived from the original on 2004-12-04. Retrieved 2018-01-24. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041204065833/http://breadbox.com/geos.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20041204065833/http://breadbox.com/geos.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Mützel, Bernd; Cordes, Ulrich (1999–2018). "News 2017". GEOS-InfoBase (in German). Retrieved 2021-04-22. <a href="http://geos-infobase.de/AKT2017.HTM#NEUJAHR" target="_blank">http://geos-infobase.de/AKT2017.HTM#NEUJAHR</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Welcome home, GEOS Resource". sites.google.com. Retrieved 2018-01-24.[permanent dead link] <a href="https://sites.google.com/site/geosresource/news/welcomehomegeos" target="_blank">https://sites.google.com/site/geosresource/news/welcomehomegeos</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"GeoWorks Ensemble 1". GEOS-InfoBase (in German). Retrieved 2021-04-22. <a href="http://geos-infobase.de/GEOS1/GEO1.HTM" target="_blank">http://geos-infobase.de/GEOS1/GEO1.HTM</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Loli, Eugenia (2002-10-03). "Interview With Adam de Boor, ex-CTO of GeoWorks". OSnews. Retrieved 2019-04-30. <a href="http://www.osnews.com/story/1864" target="_blank">http://www.osnews.com/story/1864</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Dougherty, Brian, ed. (2010-07-24). "Comments by BrianDoc". Retrieved 2012-06-15. What killed us was that Microsoft realized what we had before the rest of the industry, they went to all of their OEMs and signed them to 2 year exclusive deals to put Windows on every machine. <a href="/wiki/Brian_P._Dougherty" target="_blank">/wiki/Brian_P._Dougherty</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"228: CD-ROM Manager, Sony and NEC". GEOS-InfoBase (in German). Retrieved 2021-04-22. <a href="http://geos-infobase.de/ND_DOCS/228.HTM" target="_blank">http://geos-infobase.de/ND_DOCS/228.HTM</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"IBM Schoolview wiedergefunden?" (in German). Archived from the original on 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2017-01-09. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110015818/http://s266590939.online.de/Infobase/WBB_317/index.php?page=Thread&threadID=256" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170110015818/http://s266590939.online.de/Infobase/WBB_317/index.php?page=Thread&threadID=256</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Loli, Eugenia (2002-10-03). "Interview With Adam de Boor, ex-CTO of GeoWorks". OSnews. Retrieved 2019-04-30. <a href="http://www.osnews.com/story/1864" target="_blank">http://www.osnews.com/story/1864</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Bearden, James D. "Wiffleguy", ed. (1995-05-14). "PC/GEOS FAQ List part 2/2: Programmer's Questions". Section 2.1.1. Archived from the original on 2009-08-19. Retrieved 2011-11-02. either of two languages: one is called GOC (GEOS Object C), and the other is Esp (an object-oriented assembly language based on the 8086 assembly instruction set) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090819082953/http://www.uni-giessen.de/faq/archiv/pcgeos-faq.part1-2.old/msg00001.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090819082953/http://www.uni-giessen.de/faq/archiv/pcgeos-faq.part1-2.old/msg00001.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Caldera, Inc. (August 1997). OpenDOS Developer's Reference Series: Multitasking API: Programmer's Guide. UK. Caldera Part No. 200-DODG-004. Archived from the original on 2017-10-07. Retrieved 2013-03-21.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="/wiki/Caldera,_Inc." target="_blank">/wiki/Caldera,_Inc.</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994]. NWDOS-TIPs: Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">"Celebrating Software". Computer Gaming World. June 1991. p. 64. Retrieved 2013-11-17. <a href="http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1991&pub=2&id=83" target="_blank">http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1991&pub=2&id=83</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"NewDeal Office 2.5". GEOS-InfoBase (in German). Retrieved 2021-04-22. <a href="http://geos-infobase.de/GEOS25.HTM" target="_blank">http://geos-infobase.de/GEOS25.HTM</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Breadbox Pens GEOS Exclusive License and Ownership Rights Agreement with Geoworks". Breadbox Computer Company. 2003-04-29. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080822184337/http://breadbox.com/newsdetail.asp?id=40" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080822184337/http://breadbox.com/newsdetail.asp?id=40</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">yu/ratthing (2015). "Frank Fischer, CEO of Breadbox Computing (owner of the GEOS OS), passes away". Archived from the original on 2016-11-08. Retrieved 2019-12-20. <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/vintagecomputing/comments/3t6cbu/frank_fischer_ceo_of_breadbox_computing_owner_of/" target="_blank">https://www.reddit.com/r/vintagecomputing/comments/3t6cbu/frank_fischer_ceo_of_breadbox_computing_owner_of/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"Obituary: FISCHER, Frank S." Tampa Bay Times. 2015-11-17. Archived from the original on 2016-11-08. <a href="http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/sptimes/obituary.aspx?n=frank-s-fischer&pid=176527846&fhid=3790" target="_blank">http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/sptimes/obituary.aspx?n=frank-s-fischer&pid=176527846&fhid=3790</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Brown, Sam (2016-08-13). "BreadBox President & Founder Dies". Archived from the original on 2016-11-08. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161108214025/https://sites.google.com/site/geosresource/news/breadboxpresidentfounderdies" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20161108214025/https://sites.google.com/site/geosresource/news/breadboxpresidentfounderdies</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Butter, Andrea; Pogue, David (2002). Piloting Palm: The Inside Story of Palm, Handspring, and the Birth of the Billion-Dollar Handheld Industry. John Wiley & Sons. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-47122339-9. <a href="978-0-47122339-9" target="_blank">978-0-47122339-9</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"Tandy Z-PDA Catalog #25-3100". RadioShack. 2004-10-25. Archived from the original on 2014-05-01. Retrieved 2014-05-01. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140501210129/http://support.radioshack.com/productinfo/DocumentResults.asp?sku_id=25-3100&Name=Tandy%20PDAs&Reuse=N" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140501210129/http://support.radioshack.com/productinfo/DocumentResults.asp?sku_id=25-3100&Name=Tandy%20PDAs&Reuse=N</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Hahn, Brian K. (2004). "The Tandy ZOOMER". Archived from the original on 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2014-05-01. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207122037/http://www.8bit-micro.com/tandy-zoomer-z-pda.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090207122037/http://www.8bit-micro.com/tandy-zoomer-z-pda.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Butter, Andrea; Pogue, David (2002). Piloting Palm: The Inside Story of Palm, Handspring, and the Birth of the Billion-Dollar Handheld Industry. John Wiley & Sons. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-47122339-9. <a href="978-0-47122339-9" target="_blank">978-0-47122339-9</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">GRiDPad 2390 User's Manual (PDF). AST Research, Inc. Retrieved 2014-05-01. <a href="http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/bibuxton/buxtoncollection/a/pdf/AST%20Gridpad%202390.pdf#Page=7" target="_blank">http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/bibuxton/buxtoncollection/a/pdf/AST%20Gridpad%202390.pdf#Page=7</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Smithson, Brian (1995-05-09). "Zoomer Technical Info; Tandy Z-PDA". Retrieved 2014-04-30. <a href="http://www.grot.com/zoomer/documents/tandy-specs.html" target="_blank">http://www.grot.com/zoomer/documents/tandy-specs.html</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Smithson, Brian (1996-01-17). "Zoomer Pictures; application screen shots". <a href="http://www.grot.com/zoomer/pictures.html#palm" target="_blank">http://www.grot.com/zoomer/pictures.html#palm</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Buxton, Bill. "Buxton Collection; GRiDPad 2390". Microsoft Research. Retrieved 2014-05-01. This [GRiDPad 2390] device is one of three identical Zoomer devices—the other two being the Casio Z-7000 and the Tandy Z-PDA—developed by Palm. This is their first product. The Zoomer failed, but turned out to be the stepping stone that led to the success of the Palm Pilot. <a href="http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/bibuxton/buxtoncollection/detail.aspx?id=31" target="_blank">http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/bibuxton/buxtoncollection/detail.aspx?id=31</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Witkowiak, Maciej; Steil, Michael (2017-01-29). "blueway.Softworks: pcgeos". GitHub. Retrieved 2021-04-22. <a href="https://github.com/bluewaysw/pcgeos" target="_blank">https://github.com/bluewaysw/pcgeos</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

GEOS (16-bit operating system) open-in-new

GEOS (16-bit operating system)