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Boiling points of the elements (data page)
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<h2 id="boiling-points-master-list-format">Boiling points, Master List format</h2> <p>In the following table, the use row is the value recommended for use in other Wikipedia pages in order to maintain consistency across content. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Reference</th><th><a href="/facts/Kelvin/E3trzC4C">Kelvin</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Celsius/okAEu1CA">Celsius</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Fahrenheit/2TVmyJod">Fahrenheit</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="4">1 H <a href="/facts/Hydrogen/BoYHjl0J">hydrogen</a> (H2)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>20.271 K</td><td>−252.879 °C</td><td>−423.182 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>20.28 K</td><td>−252.87 °C</td><td>−423.17 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>−252.879 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>−252.88 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>21.15 K</td><td>-252 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">2 He <a href="/facts/Helium/yRul93TG">helium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>4.222 K</td><td>−268.928 °C</td><td>−452.07 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>4.22 K</td><td>−268.93 °C</td><td>−452.07 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>−268.928 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>−268.935 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>4.15 K</td><td>-269 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">3 Li <a href="/facts/Lithium/7vXX6BWA">lithium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>1603 K</td><td>1330 °C</td><td>2426 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>1615 K</td><td>1342 °C</td><td>2448 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>1342 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>1330 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>1603 K</td><td>1330 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">4 Be <a href="/facts/Beryllium/dv295voP">beryllium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>2742 K</td><td>2469 °C</td><td>4476 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>2742 K</td><td>2469 °C</td><td>4476 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td>3243 K</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>2467 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>3243 K</td><td>2970 °C</td><td>5378 °F</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">5 B <a href="/facts/Boron/Pmwgd7Mf">boron</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>4200 K</td><td>3927 °C</td><td>7101 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>4200 K</td><td>3927 °C</td><td>7101 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>4000 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>3864 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>4203 K</td><td>3930 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">6 C <a href="/facts/Carbon/ukrgQexo">carbon</a> (graphite)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>? (4300 K)</td><td>? (4027 °C)</td><td>? (7281 °F)</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>subl. 3825 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>subl. (3915–4020) °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>5103 K</td><td>4830 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">6 C <a href="/facts/Carbon/ukrgQexo">carbon</a> (diamond)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>4300 K</td><td>4027 °C</td><td>7281 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>? (4300 K)</td><td>? (4027 °C)</td><td>? (7281 °F)</td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>3930 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">7 N <a href="/facts/Nitrogen/Nf1QpGDz">nitrogen</a> (N2)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>77.355 K</td><td>−195.795 °C</td><td>−320.431 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>77.36 K</td><td>−195.79 °C</td><td>−320.42 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>−195.795 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>−195.79 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>77.15 K</td><td>-196 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">8 O <a href="/facts/Oxygen/acyn6o8r">oxygen</a> (O2)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>90.188 K</td><td>−182.962 °C</td><td>−297.332 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>90.2 K</td><td>−182.9 °C</td><td>−297.2 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>−182.962 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>−182.96 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>90.15 K</td><td>-183 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">9 F <a href="/facts/Fluorine/YUV0Fb8m">fluorine</a> (F2)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>85.04 K</td><td>−188.11 °C</td><td>−306.60 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>85.03 K</td><td>−188.12 °C</td><td>−306.62 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>−188.11 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>−188.13 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>85.15 K</td><td>-188 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">10 Ne <a href="/facts/Neon/5bF1FwGL">neon</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>27.104 K</td><td>−246.046 °C</td><td>−410.883 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>27.07 K</td><td>−246.08 °C</td><td>−410.94 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>−246.046 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>−246.05 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>27.15 K</td><td>-246 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">11 Na <a href="/facts/Sodium/eYuSPu2V">sodium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>1156.090 K</td><td>882.940 °C</td><td>1621.292 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>1156 K</td><td>883 °C</td><td>1621 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>882.940 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>881.4 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>1163 K</td><td>890 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">12 Mg <a href="/facts/Magnesium/XyIhd2FG">magnesium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>1363 K</td><td>1090 °C</td><td>1994 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>1363 K</td><td>1090 °C</td><td>1994 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>1090 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>1100 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>1383 K</td><td>1110 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">13 Al <a href="/facts/Aluminium/7wmR8jYE">aluminium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>2743 K</td><td>2470 °C</td><td>4478 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>2792 K</td><td>2519 °C</td><td>4566 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>2519 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>2518 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>2743 K</td><td>2470 °C</td><td>4478 °F</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">14 Si <a href="/facts/Silicon/cgWx0hdr">silicon</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3538 K</td><td>3265 °C</td><td>5909 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3173 K</td><td>2900 °C</td><td>5252 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>3265 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>3265 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>3533 K</td><td>3260 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">15 P <a href="/facts/Phosphorus/27xCeIqs">phosphorus</a> (white)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>550 K</td><td>277 °C</td><td>531 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>550 K</td><td>277 °C</td><td>531 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>280.5 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>280.3 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>553.2 K</td><td>280 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">15 P <a href="/facts/Phosphorus/27xCeIqs">phosphorus</a> (red)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>subl. 704 K</td><td>subl. 431 °C</td><td>subl. 808 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>subl. 431 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>subl. 416 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">16 S <a href="/facts/Sulfur/IK0amTfM">sulfur</a> (orthorhombic, alpha)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>717.8 K</td><td>444.6 °C</td><td>832.3 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>? (717.87 K)</td><td>? (444.72 °C)</td><td>? (832.5 °F)</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>444.60 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>444.6 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>718.2 K</td><td>445 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">16 S <a href="/facts/Sulfur/IK0amTfM">sulfur</a> (monoclinic, beta)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>717.8 K</td><td>444.6 °C</td><td>832.3 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>? (717.87 K)</td><td>? (444.72 °C)</td><td>? (832.5 °F)</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>444.60 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>444.6 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">16 S <a href="/facts/Sulfur/IK0amTfM">sulfur</a> (gamma)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>717.87 K</td><td>444.72 °C</td><td>832.5 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>? (717.87 K)</td><td>? (444.72 °C)</td><td>? (832.5 °F)</td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>444.72 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">17 Cl <a href="/facts/Chlorine/y27UwYBM">chlorine</a> (Cl2)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>239.11 K</td><td>−34.04 °C</td><td>−29.27 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>239.11 K</td><td>−34.04 °C</td><td>−29.27 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>−34.04 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>−34.04 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>238.5 K</td><td>-34.7 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">18 Ar <a href="/facts/Argon/QX6NRH6d">argon</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>87.302 K</td><td>−185.848 °C</td><td>−302.526 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>87.3 K</td><td>−185.8 °C</td><td>−302.4 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>−185.848 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>−185.87 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>87.15 K</td><td>−186 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">19 K <a href="/facts/Potassium/FWPwS7Rj">potassium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>1032 K</td><td>759 °C</td><td>1398 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>1032 K</td><td>759 °C</td><td>1398 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>759 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>759 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>1047 K</td><td>774 °C</td><td>1425 °F</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">20 Ca <a href="/facts/Calcium/hf252CC0">calcium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>1757 K</td><td>1484 °C</td><td>2703 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>1757 K</td><td>1484 °C</td><td>2703 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>1484 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>1484 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>1760 K</td><td>1487 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">21 Sc <a href="/facts/Scandium/TJRt1chg">scandium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3109 K</td><td>2836 °C</td><td>5136 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3103 K</td><td>2830 °C</td><td>5126 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>2836 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>2836 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>3003 K</td><td>2730 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">22 Ti <a href="/facts/Titanium/53ArnDoy">titanium</a> (hexagonal)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3560 K</td><td>3287 °C</td><td>5949 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3560 K</td><td>3287 °C</td><td>5949 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>3287 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>3287 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>3533 K</td><td>3260 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">23 V <a href="/facts/Vanadium/UvKkKTSm">vanadium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3680 K</td><td>3407 °C</td><td>6165 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3680 K</td><td>3407 °C</td><td>6165 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>3407 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>3421 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>3680 K</td><td>3407 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">24 Cr <a href="/facts/Chromium/6sVk6Uu7">chromium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>2755 K</td><td>2482 °C</td><td>4499 °F</td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>2755 K</td><td>2482 °C</td><td>4499 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>2944 K</td><td>2671 °C</td><td>4840 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>2671 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>2679 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>2755 K</td><td>2482 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">25 Mn <a href="/facts/Manganese/j9ELd1TL">manganese</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>2334 K</td><td>2061 °C</td><td>3742 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>2334 K</td><td>2061 °C</td><td>3742 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>2061 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>2095 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>2373 K</td><td>2100 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">26 Fe <a href="/facts/Iron/QK1JYy8E">iron</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3134 K</td><td>2861 °C</td><td>5182 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3134 K</td><td>2861 °C</td><td>5182 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>2861 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>2861 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>3273 K</td><td>3000 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">27 Co <a href="/facts/Cobalt/gqhScEw4">cobalt</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3200 K</td><td>2927 °C</td><td>5301 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3200 K</td><td>2927 °C</td><td>5301 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>2927 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>2927 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>3173 K</td><td>2900 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">28 Ni <a href="/facts/Nickel/KwMCHYRP">nickel</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3003 K</td><td>2730 °C</td><td>4946 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3186 K</td><td>2913 °C</td><td>5275 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>2913 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>2884 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>3003 K</td><td>2730 °C</td><td>4946 °F</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">29 Cu <a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">copper</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>2835 K</td><td>2562 °C</td><td>4643 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3200 K</td><td>2927 °C</td><td>5301 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>2562 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>2561.5 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>2868 K</td><td>2595 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">30 Zn <a href="/facts/Zinc/80b1qgk3">zinc</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>1180 K</td><td>907 °C</td><td>1665 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>1180 K</td><td>907 °C</td><td>1665 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>907 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>907 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>1180 K</td><td>907 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">31 Ga <a href="/facts/Gallium/EucevDs9">gallium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>2673 K</td><td>2400 °C</td><td>4352 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>2477 K</td><td>2204 °C</td><td>3999 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>2204 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>2203 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>2673 K</td><td>2400 °C</td><td>4352 °F</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">32 Ge <a href="/facts/Germanium/wtoALHGs">germanium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3106 K</td><td>2833 °C</td><td>5131 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3093 K</td><td>2820 °C</td><td>5108 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>2833 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>2830 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>3103 K</td><td>2830 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">33 As <a href="/facts/Arsenic/k1c4f44D">arsenic</a> (gray)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>887 K</td><td>subl. 614 °C</td><td>1137 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>887 K</td><td>614 °C</td><td>1137 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>subl. 603 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>subl. 615 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>886.2 K</td><td>613 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">34 Se <a href="/facts/Selenium/k975NApC">selenium</a> (hexagonal, gray)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>958 K</td><td>685 °C</td><td>1265 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>958 K</td><td>685 °C</td><td>1265 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>685 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>685 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>958.2 K</td><td>685 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">35 Br <a href="/facts/Bromine/oLfj3C7D">bromine</a> (Br2)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>332.0 K</td><td>58.8 °C</td><td>137.8 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>332 K</td><td>59 °C</td><td>138 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>58.8 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>58.8 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>331.7 K</td><td>58.5 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">36 Kr <a href="/facts/Krypton/llkNlCke">krypton</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>119.735 K</td><td>−153.415 °C</td><td>−244.147 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>119.93 K</td><td>−153.22 °C</td><td>−243.8 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>−153.415 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>−153.22 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>121.2 K</td><td>-152 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">37 Rb <a href="/facts/Rubidium/KDHSe2HM">rubidium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>961 K</td><td>688 °C</td><td>1270 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>961 K</td><td>688 °C</td><td>1270 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>688 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>691 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>961.2 K</td><td>688 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">38 Sr <a href="/facts/Strontium/ABaA5qQK">strontium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>1650 K</td><td>1382 °C</td><td>2511 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>1655 K</td><td>1382 °C</td><td>2520 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>1377 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>1366 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>1653 K</td><td>1380 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">39 Y <a href="/facts/Yttrium/BlX6rj99">yttrium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3203 K</td><td>2930 °C</td><td>5306 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3609 K</td><td>3336 °C</td><td>6037 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>3345 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>3345 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>3203 K</td><td>2930 °C</td><td>5306 °F</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">40 Zr <a href="/facts/Zirconium/y7gsoQFz">zirconium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>4650 K</td><td>4377 °C</td><td>7911 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>4682 K</td><td>4409 °C</td><td>7968 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>4409 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>3577 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>4650 K</td><td>4377 °C</td><td>7911 °F</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">41 Nb <a href="/facts/Niobium/3zNI8AKp">niobium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>5017 K</td><td>4744 °C</td><td>8571 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>5017 K</td><td>4744 °C</td><td>8571 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>4744 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>4860 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>5017 K</td><td>4744 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">42 Mo <a href="/facts/Molybdenum/RX6vp2bF">molybdenum</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>4912 K</td><td>4639 °C</td><td>8382 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>4912 K</td><td>4639 °C</td><td>8382 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>4639 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>4825 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>4885 K</td><td>4612 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">43 Tc <a href="/facts/Technetium/MGYWNI5d">technetium</a> (Tc-98 ?)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>4538 K</td><td>4265 °C</td><td>7709 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>4538 K</td><td>4265 °C</td><td>7709 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>4265 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>(Tc-98) 4265 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">est. 4900 K; Schwochau, Klaus, <i><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3QiV8Wr5ToC&pg=PA95">Technetium</a></i>, p. 95Wiley-VCH (2000), <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-527-29496-1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">44 Ru <a href="/facts/Ruthenium/uzCm4ufn">ruthenium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>4423 K</td><td>4150 °C</td><td>7502 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>4423 K</td><td>4150 °C</td><td>7502 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>4150 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>4150 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>4423 K</td><td>4150 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">45 Rh <a href="/facts/Rhodium/xmBd9aFG">rhodium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3968 K</td><td>3695 °C</td><td>6683 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3968 K</td><td>3695 °C</td><td>6683 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>3695 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>3727 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>4000 K</td><td>3727 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">46 Pd <a href="/facts/Palladium/AXMwDFxs">palladium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3236 K</td><td>2963 °C</td><td>5365 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3236 K</td><td>2963 °C</td><td>5365 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>2963 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>3167 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>3233 K</td><td>2960 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">47 Ag <a href="/facts/Silver/xXe41BGg">silver</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>2483 K</td><td>2210 °C</td><td>4010 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>2435 K</td><td>2162 °C</td><td>3924 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>2162 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>2164 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>2483 K</td><td>2210 °C</td><td>4010 °F</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">48 Cd <a href="/facts/Cadmium/wXkV2eIX">cadmium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>1040 K</td><td>767 °C</td><td>1413 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>1040 K</td><td>767 °C</td><td>1413 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>767 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>765 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>1038 K</td><td>765 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">49 In <a href="/facts/Indium/zRq3stVb">indium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>2345 K</td><td>2072 °C</td><td>3762 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>2345 K</td><td>2072 °C</td><td>3762 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>2072 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>2072 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>2273 K</td><td>2000 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">50 Sn <a href="/facts/Tin/obW9mqc3">tin</a> (white)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>2875 K</td><td>2602 °C</td><td>4716 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>2875 K</td><td>2602 °C</td><td>4716 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>2602 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>2602 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>2893 K</td><td>2620 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">51 Sb <a href="/facts/Antimony/YsA7lVgT">antimony</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>1908 K</td><td>1635 °C</td><td>2975 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>1860 K</td><td>1587 °C</td><td>2889 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>1587 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>1587 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>1908 K</td><td>1635 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">52 Te <a href="/facts/Tellurium/v7QvfIvS">tellurium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>1261 K</td><td>988 °C</td><td>1810 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>1261 K</td><td>988 °C</td><td>1810 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>988 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>989.9 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>1263 K</td><td>990 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">53 I <a href="/facts/Iodine/JlfMecMf">iodine</a> (I2)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>457.4 K</td><td>184.3 °C</td><td>363.7 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>457.4 K</td><td>184.3 °C</td><td>363.7 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>184.4 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>185.24 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>457.2 K</td><td>184 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">54 Xe <a href="/facts/Xenon/9E3XR69R">xenon</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>165.051 K</td><td>−108.099 °C</td><td>−162.578 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>165.1 K</td><td>−108 °C</td><td>−162 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>−108.099 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>−108.04 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>165.2 K</td><td>-108 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">55 Cs <a href="/facts/Caesium/dXKN1S5k">caesium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>944 K</td><td>671 °C</td><td>1240 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>944 K</td><td>671 °C</td><td>1240 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>671 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>668.2 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>963.2 K</td><td>690 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">56 Ba <a href="/facts/Barium/IkL09XHQ">barium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>1910 K</td><td>1637 °C</td><td>2978 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>2143 K</td><td>1870 °C</td><td>3398 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>1845 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>1845 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>1910 K</td><td>1637 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">57 La <a href="/facts/Lanthanum/Uhmmy1sB">lanthanum</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3737 K</td><td>3464 °C</td><td>6267 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3743 K</td><td>3470 °C</td><td>6278 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>3464 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>3464 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>3743 K</td><td>3470 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">58 Ce <a href="/facts/Cerium/a7UjMBQ6">cerium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3716 K</td><td>3443 °C</td><td>6229 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3633 K</td><td>3360 °C</td><td>6080 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>3443 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>3440 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>3743 K</td><td>3470 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">59 Pr <a href="/facts/Praseodymium/2lnRJ9dH">praseodymium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3403 K</td><td>3130 °C</td><td>5666 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3563 K</td><td>3290 °C</td><td>5954 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>3520 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>3520 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>3403 K</td><td>3130 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">60 Nd <a href="/facts/Neodymium/GzDkTIoI">neodymium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3347 K</td><td>3074 °C</td><td>5565 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3373 K</td><td>3100 °C</td><td>5612 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>3074 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>3074 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>3303 K</td><td>3030 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">61 Pm <a href="/facts/Promethium/8xvCz9Rg">promethium</a> (Pm-147 ?)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3273 K</td><td>3000 °C</td><td>5432 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3273 K</td><td>3000 °C</td><td>5432 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>3000 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>(Pm-147) estimated 3000 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">62 Sm <a href="/facts/Samarium/09K3kl93">samarium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>2173 K</td><td>1900 °C</td><td>3452 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>2076 K</td><td>1803 °C</td><td>3277 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>1794 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>1794 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>2173 K</td><td>1900 °C</td><td>3452 °F</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">63 Eu <a href="/facts/Europium/dqmBm1vr">europium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>1802 K</td><td>1529 °C</td><td>2784 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>1800 K</td><td>1527 °C</td><td>2781 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>1529 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>1527 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>1713 K</td><td>1440 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">64 Gd <a href="/facts/Gadolinium/eLYUeScu">gadolinium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3546 K</td><td>3273 °C</td><td>5923 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3523 K</td><td>3250 °C</td><td>5882 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>3273 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>3273 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>3273 K</td><td>3000 °C</td><td>5432 °F</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">65 Tb <a href="/facts/Terbium/ICF3PMED">terbium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3396 K</td><td>3123 °C</td><td>5653 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3503 K</td><td>3230 °C</td><td>5846 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>3230 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>3230 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>3396 K</td><td>3123 °C</td><td>5653 °F</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">66 Dy <a href="/facts/Dysprosium/eMev6zGS">dysprosium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>2840 K</td><td>2567 °C</td><td>4653 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>2840 K</td><td>2567 °C</td><td>4653 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>2567 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>2567 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>2873 K</td><td>2600 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">67 Ho <a href="/facts/Holmium/C73kJVtp">holmium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>2873 K</td><td>2600 °C</td><td>4712 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>2993 K</td><td>2720 °C</td><td>4928 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>2700 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>2720 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>2873 K</td><td>2600 °C</td><td>4712 °F</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">68 Er <a href="/facts/Erbium/XEJlgJcx">erbium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3141 K</td><td>2868 °C</td><td>5194 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3141 K</td><td>2868 °C</td><td>5194 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>2868 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>2868 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>3173 K</td><td>2900 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">69 Tm <a href="/facts/Thulium/G2905xhd">thulium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>2223 K</td><td>1950 °C</td><td>3542 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>2223 K</td><td>1950 °C</td><td>3542 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>1950 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>1950 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>2223 K</td><td>1950 °C</td><td>3542 °F</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">70 Yb <a href="/facts/Ytterbium/3lerM9uf">ytterbium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>1703 K</td><td>1430 °C</td><td>2606 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>1469 K</td><td>1196 °C</td><td>2185 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>1196 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>1196 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>1703K</td><td>1430 °C</td><td>2606 °F</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">71 Lu <a href="/facts/Lutetium/URlmnYG8">lutetium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3675 K</td><td>3402 °C</td><td>6156 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3675 K</td><td>3402 °C</td><td>6156 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>3402 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>3402 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>3603 K</td><td>3330 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">72 Hf <a href="/facts/Hafnium/rBNnlxDS">hafnium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>4876 K</td><td>4603 °C</td><td>8317 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>4876 K</td><td>4603 °C</td><td>8317 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>4603 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>4450 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>4876 K</td><td>4603 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">73 Ta <a href="/facts/Tantalum/VwaxMm33">tantalum</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>5731 K</td><td>5458 °C</td><td>9856 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>5731 K</td><td>5458 °C</td><td>9856 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>5458 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>5429 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>5693 K</td><td>5420 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">74 W <a href="/facts/Tungsten/WYwbNDYX">tungsten</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>6203 K</td><td>5930 °C</td><td>10706 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>5828 K</td><td>5555 °C</td><td>10031 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>5555 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>5900 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>6203 K</td><td>5930 °C</td><td>10706 °F</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">75 Re <a href="/facts/Rhenium/TzyqJYEn">rhenium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>5869 K</td><td>5596 °C</td><td>10105 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>5869 K</td><td>5596 °C</td><td>10105 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>5596 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>5678 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>5903 K</td><td>5630 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">76 Os <a href="/facts/Osmium/1TjXD69n">osmium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>5285 K</td><td>5012 °C</td><td>9054 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>5285 K</td><td>5012 °C</td><td>9054 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>5012 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>5225 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>5273 K</td><td>5000 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">77 Ir <a href="/facts/Iridium/TFQutoj1">iridium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>4403 K</td><td>4130 °C</td><td>7466 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>4701 K</td><td>4428 °C</td><td>8002 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>4428 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>circa 2550 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>4403 K</td><td>4130 °C</td><td>7466 °F</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">78 Pt <a href="/facts/Platinum/qJC6lQf7">platinum</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>4098 K</td><td>3825 °C</td><td>6917 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>4098 K</td><td>3825 °C</td><td>6917 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>3825 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>3824 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>4100 K</td><td>3827 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">79 Au <a href="/facts/Gold/1znknojp">gold</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3243 K</td><td>2970 °C</td><td>5378 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3129 K</td><td>2856 °C</td><td>5173 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>2856 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>2856 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>3243 K</td><td>2970 °C</td><td>5378 °F</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">80 Hg <a href="/facts/Mercury_(element)/WlxfoHva">mercury</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>629.88 K</td><td>356.73 °C</td><td>674.11 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>629.88 K</td><td>356.73 °C</td><td>674.11 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>356.73 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>356.7 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>630.2 K</td><td>357 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">81 Tl <a href="/facts/Thallium/v35pGMJB">thallium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>1746 K</td><td>1473 °C</td><td>2683 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>1746 K</td><td>1473 °C</td><td>2683 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>1473 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>1457 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>1733 K</td><td>1460 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">82 Pb <a href="/facts/Lead/EYljasJN">lead</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>2022 K</td><td>1749 °C</td><td>3180 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>2022 K</td><td>1749 °C</td><td>3180 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>1749 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>1749 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>2017 K</td><td>1744 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">83 Bi <a href="/facts/Bismuth/75FLjkoX">bismuth</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>1837 K</td><td>1564 °C</td><td>2847 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>1837 K</td><td>1564 °C</td><td>2847 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>1564 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>1564 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>1833 K</td><td>1560 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">84 Po <a href="/facts/Polonium/G4rzsyjP">polonium</a> (alpha)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>1235 K</td><td>962 °C</td><td>1764 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>1235 K</td><td>962 °C</td><td>1764 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>962 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>962 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">85 At <a href="/facts/Astatine/AlbHPBK5">astatine</a> (At2)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>503±3 K</td><td>230±3 °C</td><td>445±5 °F</td></tr><tr><td>Otozai et al.</td><td>503±3 K</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">86 Rn <a href="/facts/Radon/0V9arWKl">radon</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>211.5 K</td><td>−61.7 °C</td><td>−79.1 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>211.3 K</td><td>−61.7 °C</td><td>−79.1 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>−61.7 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>−62 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">87 Fr <a href="/facts/Francium/P3Rz4gDP">francium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>890 K</td><td>620 °C</td><td>1150 °F</td></tr><tr><td>Lavrukhina et al.</td><td></td><td>620 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">88 Ra <a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">radium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>2010 K</td><td>1737 °C</td><td>3159 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>2010 K</td><td>1737 °C</td><td>3159 °F</td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>1737 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">89 Ac <a href="/facts/Actinium/GMQtJ4Gm">actinium</a> (Ac-227 ?)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3471 K</td><td>3198 °C</td><td>5788 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3573 K</td><td>3300 °C</td><td>5972 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>3198 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>(Ac-227) circa 3200 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">90 Th <a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">thorium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>5061 K</td><td>4788 °C</td><td>8650 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>5093 K</td><td>4820 °C</td><td>8708 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>4788 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>4788 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">91 Pa <a href="/facts/Protactinium/v87VqTPf">protactinium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>? 4300 K</td><td>? 4027 °C</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">92 U <a href="/facts/Uranium/n2sGWBzU">uranium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>4404 K</td><td>4131 °C</td><td>7468 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>4200 K</td><td>3927 °C</td><td>7101 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>4131 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>4131 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">93 Np <a href="/facts/Neptunium/pwp7Yvds">neptunium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>4273 K</td><td>4000 °C</td><td>7232 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>4273 K</td><td>4000 °C</td><td>7232 °F</td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>above 3900 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">94 Pu <a href="/facts/Plutonium/4bUw9zH3">plutonium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3501 K</td><td>3228 °C</td><td>5842 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3503 K</td><td>3230 °C</td><td>5846 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>3228 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>3230 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">95 Am <a href="/facts/Americium/rxL9Yc64">americium</a> </th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>2880 K</td><td>2607 °C</td><td>4725 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>2880 K</td><td>2607 °C</td><td>4725 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>2011 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>2011 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">96 Cm <a href="/facts/Curium/LMyWXg8l">curium</a> (Cm-244 ?)</th></tr><tr><td>use</td><td>3383 K</td><td>3110 °C</td><td>5630 °F</td></tr><tr><td>WebEl</td><td>3383 K</td><td>3110 °C</td><td>5630 °F</td></tr><tr><td>CRC</td><td></td><td>circa 3100 °C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lange</td><td></td><td>(Cm-244) circa 3110 °C</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="periodic-table-format">Periodic Table format</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="20"><ul><li>v</li><li>t</li><li>e</li></ul><a href="/facts/Boiling_point/E2BK9QoS">Boiling point</a> of the <a href="/facts/Chemical_element/0jducgWD">elements</a> in the <a href="/facts/Periodic_table/umdGIfUb">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Periodic_table_group/YGBcUabv">Group</a> →</th><th><a href="/facts/Alkali_metal/IkWbCLk2">1</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Alkaline_earth_metal/Ts4U5zIe">2</a></th><th></th><th><a href="/facts/Group_3_element/q60AHJ7U">3</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Group_4_element/QGKs7lMz">4</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Group_5_element/C08aMlur">5</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Group_6_element/s8cA1Rwd">6</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Group_7_element/C1kHt0oD">7</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Group_8_element/VtbLeVpY">8</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Group_9_element/YsFjV4Ey">9</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Group_10_element/oIUwy5mC">10</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Group_11_element/phumzNJU">11</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Group_12_element/z8aB00Ih">12</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Boron_group/RXnvqnNk">13</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Carbon_group/PkWCV3Vx">14</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Pnictogen/jX4hvCkK">15</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Chalcogen/nXLGmnqL">16</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Halogen/YeFgWHeA">17</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Noble_gas/j0yHMEAE">18</a></th></tr><tr><th>↓ <a href="/facts/Periodic_table_period/WpGUFh5V">Period</a></th><td colspan="20"></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Period_1_element/bRg5LCQF">1</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Hydrogen/BoYHjl0J">H2 </a>20.271 K(−252.879 °C)</td><td colspan="17"></td><td><a href="/facts/Helium/yRul93TG">He</a>4.222 K(−268.928 °C)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Period_2_element/1ajRWfrb">2</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Lithium/7vXX6BWA">Li</a>1603 K(1330 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Beryllium/dv295voP">Be</a>2742 K(2469 °C)</td><td colspan="11"></td><td><a href="/facts/Boron/Pmwgd7Mf">B </a>4200 K(3927 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Carbon/ukrgQexo">C </a>3915 K (<a href="/facts/Sublimation_(phase_transition)/KDoKokMn">subl.</a>)(3642 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Nitrogen/Nf1QpGDz">N2 </a>77.355 K(−195.795 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Oxygen/acyn6o8r">O2 </a>90.188 K(−182.962 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Fluorine/YUV0Fb8m">F2 </a>85.03 K(−188.11 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Neon/5bF1FwGL">Ne</a>27.104 K(−246.046 °C)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Period_3_element/1BE0Nc0K">3</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Sodium/eYuSPu2V">Na</a>1156.090 K(882.940 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Magnesium/XyIhd2FG">Mg</a>1363 K(1091 °C)</td><td colspan="11"></td><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium/7wmR8jYE">Al</a>2743 K(2470 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Silicon/cgWx0hdr">Si</a>3538 K(3265 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Phosphorus/27xCeIqs">P </a>553.7 K(280.5 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Sulfur/IK0amTfM">S </a>717.8 K(444.6 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Chlorine/y27UwYBM">Cl2</a>239.11 K(−34.04 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Argon/QX6NRH6d">Ar</a>87.302 K(−185.848 °C)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Period_4_element/BgDFfE26">4</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Potassium/FWPwS7Rj">K </a>1032 K(759 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Calcium/hf252CC0">Ca</a>1757 K(1484 °C)</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Scandium/TJRt1chg">Sc</a>3109 K(2836 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Titanium/53ArnDoy">Ti</a>3560 K(3287 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Vanadium/UvKkKTSm">V </a>3680 K(3407 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Chromium/6sVk6Uu7">Cr</a>2945.15 K(2672.0 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Manganese/j9ELd1TL">Mn</a>2334 K(2061 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Iron/QK1JYy8E">Fe</a>3134 K(2861 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Cobalt/gqhScEw4">Co</a>3200 K(2927 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Nickel/KwMCHYRP">Ni</a>3003 K(2730 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">Cu</a>2835 K(2562 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Zinc/80b1qgk3">Zn</a>1180 K(907 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Gallium/EucevDs9">Ga</a>2673 K(2400 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Germanium/wtoALHGs">Ge</a>3106 K(2833 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Arsenic/k1c4f44D">As</a>887 K (<a href="/facts/Sublimation_(phase_transition)/KDoKokMn">subl.</a>)(615 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Selenium/k975NApC">Se</a>958 K(685 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Bromine/oLfj3C7D">Br2</a>332.0 K(58.8 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Krypton/llkNlCke">Kr</a>119.735 K(−153.415 °C)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Period_5_element/xLJUWWDS">5</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Rubidium/KDHSe2HM">Rb</a>961 K(688 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Strontium/ABaA5qQK">Sr</a>1650 K(1377 °C)</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Yttrium/BlX6rj99">Y </a>3203 K(2930 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Zirconium/y7gsoQFz">Zr</a>4650 K(4377 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Niobium/3zNI8AKp">Nb</a>5017 K(4744 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Molybdenum/RX6vp2bF">Mo</a>4912 K(4639 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Technetium/MGYWNI5d">Tc</a>4538 K(4265 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Ruthenium/uzCm4ufn">Ru</a>4423 K(4150 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Rhodium/xmBd9aFG">Rh</a>3968 K(3695 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Palladium/AXMwDFxs">Pd</a>3236 K(2963 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Silver/xXe41BGg">Ag</a>2483 K(2210 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Cadmium/wXkV2eIX">Cd</a>1040 K(767 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Indium/zRq3stVb">In</a>2345 K(2072 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Tin/obW9mqc3">Sn</a>2875 K(2602 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Antimony/YsA7lVgT">Sb</a>1908 K(1635 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Tellurium/v7QvfIvS">Te</a>1261 K(988 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Iodine/JlfMecMf">I2 </a>457.4 K(184.3 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Xenon/9E3XR69R">Xe</a>165.051 K(−108.099 °C)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Period_6_element/9YleCXwf">6</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Caesium/dXKN1S5k">Cs</a>944 K(671 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Barium/IkL09XHQ">Ba</a>2118 K(1845 °C)</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Lutetium/URlmnYG8">Lu</a>3675 K(3402 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Hafnium/rBNnlxDS">Hf</a>4876 K(4603 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Tantalum/VwaxMm33">Ta</a>5731 K(5458 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Tungsten/WYwbNDYX">W </a>6203 K(5930 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Rhenium/TzyqJYEn">Re</a>5900.15 K(5627.0 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Osmium/1TjXD69n">Os</a>5285 K(5012 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Iridium/TFQutoj1">Ir</a>4403 K(4130 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Platinum/qJC6lQf7">Pt</a>4098 K(3825 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Gold/1znknojp">Au</a>3243 K(2970 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Mercury_(element)/WlxfoHva">Hg</a>629.88 K(356.73 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Thallium/v35pGMJB">Tl</a>1746 K(1473 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Lead/EYljasJN">Pb</a>2022 K(1749 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Bismuth/75FLjkoX">Bi</a>1837 K(1564 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Polonium/G4rzsyjP">Po</a>1235 K(962 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Astatine/AlbHPBK5">At2</a>503±3 K(230±3 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Radon/0V9arWKl">Rn</a>211.5 K(−61.7 °C)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Period_7_element/H5QuVHGQ">7</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Francium/P3Rz4gDP">Fr</a>950 K(677 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">Ra</a>2010 K(1737 °C)</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Lawrencium/HVw2LVlx">Lr</a> </td><td><a href="/facts/Rutherfordium/44LSnv9p">Rf</a>5800 K(5500 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Dubnium/3CHC1lEt">Db</a> </td><td><a href="/facts/Seaborgium/ejs0Ap6P">Sg</a> </td><td><a href="/facts/Bohrium/epvp3GWM">Bh</a> </td><td><a href="/facts/Hassium/t0bgGzwt">Hs</a> </td><td><a href="/facts/Meitnerium/pKaD3sRY">Mt</a> </td><td><a href="/facts/Darmstadtium/etmwTLmP">Ds</a> </td><td><a href="/facts/Roentgenium/LEhvJaJQ">Rg</a> </td><td><a href="/facts/Copernicium/EhgyBkg0">Cn</a>340±10 K(67±10 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Nihonium/sb09p5dv">Nh</a>1430 K(1130 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Flerovium/Aa7uGMuG">Fl</a>380 K(107 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Moscovium/QhSEr0H5">Mc</a>~1400 K(~1100 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Livermorium/nQc1FE6E">Lv</a>1035–1135 K(762–862 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Tennessine/eGCBDvEr">Ts</a>883 K(610 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Oganesson/zs5MQDjV">Og</a>450±10 K(177±10 °C)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="22"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"></td><td><a href="/facts/Lanthanum/Uhmmy1sB">La</a>3737 K(3464 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Cerium/a7UjMBQ6">Ce</a>3716 K(3443 °C)6</td><td><a href="/facts/Praseodymium/2lnRJ9dH">Pr</a>3403 K(3130 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Neodymium/GzDkTIoI">Nd</a>3347 K(3074 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Promethium/8xvCz9Rg">Pm</a>3273 K(3000 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Samarium/09K3kl93">Sm</a>2173 K(1900 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Europium/dqmBm1vr">Eu</a>1802 K(1529 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Gadolinium/eLYUeScu">Gd</a>3546 K(3273 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Terbium/ICF3PMED">Tb</a>3396 K(3123 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Dysprosium/eMev6zGS">Dy</a>2840 K(2567 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Holmium/C73kJVtp">Ho</a>2873 K(2600 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Erbium/XEJlgJcx">Er</a>3141 K(2868 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Thulium/G2905xhd">Tm</a>2223 K(1950 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Ytterbium/3lerM9uf">Yb</a>1469 K(1196 °C)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"></td><td><a href="/facts/Actinium/GMQtJ4Gm">Ac</a>3471 K(3198 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">Th</a>5061 K(4788 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Protactinium/v87VqTPf">Pa</a>4300? K(4027 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Uranium/n2sGWBzU">U </a>4404 K(4131 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Neptunium/pwp7Yvds">Np</a>4175.15 K(3902.0 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Plutonium/4bUw9zH3">Pu</a>3508.15 K(3235.0 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Americium/rxL9Yc64">Am</a>2880 K(2607 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Curium/LMyWXg8l">Cm</a>3383 K(3110 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Berkelium/ePryEYy3">Bk</a>2900 K(2627 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Californium/AJVjoVut">Cf</a>1743 K(1470 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Einsteinium/RePoIVN9">Es</a>1269 (996 °C)</td><td><a href="/facts/Fermium/Us3rnvG5">Fm</a> </td><td><a href="/facts/Mendelevium/bEHBu18F">Md</a> </td><td><a href="/facts/Nobelium/syRkloSw">No</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="19">Legend</td></tr><tr><td colspan="19">Values are in <a href="/facts/Kelvin/E3trzC4C">kelvin</a> K and degrees <a href="/facts/Celsius/okAEu1CA">Celsius</a> °C, rounded</td></tr><tr><td colspan="19">For the equivalent in degrees <a href="/facts/Fahrenheit/2TVmyJod">Fahrenheit</a> °F, see: Boiling points of the elements (data page)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="19">Some values are predictions</td></tr><tr><td colspan="19"><p><a href="/facts/Primordial_nuclide/lFAUqHDv">Primordial</a> <a href="/facts/Trace_radioisotope/dLa5hj0I">From decay</a> <a href="/facts/Synthetic_element/azU9Nr1m">Synthetic</a> Border shows natural occurrence of the element</p><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/S-block/BbzD5jUU">s-block</a></td><td rowspan="1"><a href="/facts/G-block/Q3rg3qLA">g-block</a></td><td><a href="/facts/F-block/BbzD5jUU">f-block</a></td><td><a href="/facts/D-block/BbzD5jUU">d-block</a></td><td><a href="/facts/P-block/BbzD5jUU">p-block</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li>Unless noted, all values refer to the <a href="/facts/Normal_boiling_point/E2BK9QoS">normal boiling point</a> at standard pressure (101.325 kPa).</li></ul> <h3>Zhang et al.</h3> <p>Zhang, Yiming; Evans, Julian R. G.; Yang, Shoufeng (2011). <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231538496">"Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks"</a>. <i>J. Chem. Eng. Data</i>. 56 (2): 328–337. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fje1011086">10.1021/je1011086</a>. </p> <h3>WebEl</h3> <p>As quoted at <a href="http://www.webelements.com/">http://www.webelements.com/</a> from these sources: </p> <ul><li>A.M. James; M.P. Lord (1992). <i>Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data</i>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780333511671.</li> <li>G.W.C. Kaye; <a href="/facts/T._H._Laby/0n0In6HR">T. H. Laby</a> (1993). <i>Tables of physical and chemical constants</i> (15th ed.). London: Longman.</li></ul> <h3>CRC</h3> <ul><li>Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). <i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i> (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4.121 – 4.123. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1439855119.</li></ul> <h3>Lange</h3> <p>As quoted from: </p> <ul><li>J.A. Dean, ed. (1999). <i>Lange's Handbook of Chemistry</i> (15th ed.). McGraw-Hill. Section 3; Table 3.2 Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-07016384-3.</li></ul> <h3>Otozai et al.</h3> <p>Otozai, K.; Takahashi, N. (1982). <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/research/estimation-chemical-form-boiling-point-elementary-astatine-radio-gas-chromatography/">"Estimation Chemical Form Boiling Point Elementary Astatine by Radio Gas Chromatography"</a>. <i>Radiochimica Acta</i>. 31 (3–4): 201–203. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fract.1982.31.34.201">10.1524/ract.1982.31.34.201</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:100363889">100363889</a>. </p> <h3>Lavrukhina et al.</h3> <p>Lavrukhina, Avgusta Konstantinovna; Pozdnyakov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1970). <i>Analytical Chemistry of Technetium, Promethium, Astatine, and Francium</i>. Translated by R. Kondor. Ann Arbor–Humphrey Science Publishers. p. 269. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-250-39923-9. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)/MEdfATKg">Melting points of the elements (data page)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)/Kv9QDLkt">Densities of the elements (data page)</a></li></ul>