Student-centered learning

<h2 id="background">Background</h2>
Theorists like <a href="/facts/John_Dewey/ljz3mzpf">John Dewey</a>, <a href="/facts/Jean_Piaget/gQQBtbCU">Jean Piaget</a> and <a href="/facts/Lev_Vygotsky/UFkx3NLV">Lev Vygotsky</a>, whose collective work focused on how students learn, have informed the move to student-centered learning. Dewey was an advocate for progressive education, and he believed that learning is a social and experiential process by making learning an active process as children learn by doing. He believed that a classroom environment in which students could learn to think critically and solve real world problems was the best way to prepare learners for the future.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
<a href="/facts/Carl_Rogers/MPFQUpIw">Carl Rogers</a>'s ideas about the formation of the individual also contributed to student-centered learning. Rogers wrote that "the only learning which significantly influences behavior [and education] is self discovered".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> <a href="/facts/Maria_Montessori/HSwclUYK">Maria Montessori</a> was also a forerunner of student-centered learning, where preschool children learn through independent self-directed interaction with previously presented activities.
<a href="/facts/Self-determination_theory/UScVV5KR">Self-determination theory</a> focuses on the degree to which an individual's behavior is self-motivated and 'self-determined'. When students are allowed to gauge their learning, learning becomes an incentive, thus more meaningful. Placing students at the center of the classroom allows them to gauge their own self-worth which creates a higher degree of intrinsic motivation.
Student-centered learning means inverting the traditional teacher-centered understanding of the learning process and putting students at the center of the learning process. In the teacher-centered classroom, teachers are the primary source for knowledge. On the other hand, in student-centered classrooms, <a href="/facts/Active_learning/oUTULS46">active learning</a> is strongly encouraged. Armstrong (2012) claimed that "traditional education ignores or suppresses learner responsibility".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>
A further distinction from a teacher-centered classroom to that of a student-centered classroom is when the teacher acts as a <a href="/facts/Facilitator/jotJvfw5">facilitator</a>, as opposed to an instructor. In essence, the teacher's goal in the learning process is to guide students into making new interpretations of the learning material, thereby 'experiencing' content, reaffirming Rogers' notion that "significant learning is acquired through doing".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
Through peer-to-peer interaction, collaborative thinking can lead to an abundance of knowledge. In placing a teacher closer to a peer level, knowledge and learning is enhanced, benefitting the student and classroom overall. According to <a href="/facts/Lev_Vygotsky/UFkx3NLV">Lev Vygotsky</a>'s theory of the <a href="/facts/Zone_of_proximal_development/pIfSH1hG">zone of proximal development</a> (ZPD), students typically learn vicariously through one another. <a href="/facts/Instructional_scaffolding/yKJIuw5s">Scaffolding</a> is important when fostering independent thinking skills. Vygotsky proclaims, "Learning which is oriented toward developmental levels that have already been reached is ineffective from the viewpoint of the child's overall development. It does not aim for a new stage of the developmental process, but rather lags behind this process."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>

<h2 id="student-centered-assessment">Student-centered assessment</h2>
One of the most critical differences between student-centered learning and teacher-centered learning is in assessment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> Student-centered learning typically involves more <a href="/facts/Formative_assessment/Nesoryw1">formative assessment</a> and less <a href="/facts/Summative_assessment/6xIF4h5w">summative assessment</a> than teacher-centered learning.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> In student-centered learning, students participate in the evaluation of their learning.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> This means that students are involved in deciding how to demonstrate their learning. Developing assessment that supports learning and motivation is essential to the success of student-centered approaches.

<h2 id="application-to-elementary-and-secondary-education">Application to Elementary and Secondary Education</h2>
In the U.S. the principles of student-centered instruction have been promoted as a way to improve engagement and boost achievement through their inclusion in the <a href="/facts/Common_Core_State_Standards_Initiative/KvL3jJ9R">Common Core</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> Student-centered instruction has been shown to be related to increased mathematics engagement. Additionally, there is evidence that using student-centered instruction raises mathematics achievement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>

<h2 id="application-to-higher-education">Application to higher education</h2>

Student-centered <a href="/facts/Learning_environment/P0WBWaLA">learning environments</a> have been shown to be effective in higher education.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> They have been defined specifically within higher education as both a mindset and a culture within a given educational institution and as a learning approach broadly related to, and supported by, <a href="/facts/Constructivism_(philosophy_of_education)/AGBx90xm">constructivist theories of learning</a>. They are characterised by innovative methods of teaching which aim to promote learning in communication with teachers and other learners and which take students seriously as active participants in their own learning and foster transferable skills such as problem-solving, critical thinking, and reflective thinking.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> The revised European Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance (ESG) approved by the Ministerial Conference in Yerevan on 15 May 2015 include the following passage on student-centred learning: "Institutions should ensure that the programmes are delivered in a way that encourages students to take an active role in creating the learning process, and [should ensure] that the assessment of students reflects this approach."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>
A research university in <a href="/facts/Hong_Kong/4nAf3mqQ">Hong Kong</a> sought to promote student-centered learning across the entire university by employing the following methods:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>

<ul><li>Analysis of good practice by award-winning teachers, in all faculties, to show how they made use of active forms of student learning.</li>
<li>Subsequent use of the analysis to promote wider use of good practice.</li>
<li>A compulsory teacher training course for new junior teachers, which encouraged student-centered learning.</li>
<li>Projects funded through teaching development grants, of which 16 were concerned with the introduction of active learning experiences.</li>
<li>A program-level quality enhancement initiative that utilized a student survey to identify strengths and potential areas for improvement.</li>
<li>Development of a model of a broadly based teaching and learning environment influencing the development of generic capabilities to provide evidence of the need for an interactive learning environment.</li>
<li>The introduction of program reviews as a quality assurance measure.</li></ul>
The success of this initiative was evaluated by surveying the students. After two years, the mean ratings indicating the students' perception of the quality of the teaching and learning environment at the university all rose significantly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> The study is one of many examining the process of implementing student-centered pedagogies in large institutions of higher education.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>Schools portal</li><li>Education portal</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Constructivism_(learning_theory)/AGBx90xm">Constructivism (learning theory)</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Educational_progressivism/5b1NMzRI">Educational progressivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Experiential_education/IfaUbJNo">Experiential education</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Inquiry-based_learning/M7wGswXs">Inquiry-based learning</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Learning_environment/P0WBWaLA">Learning environment</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Personal_learning_environment/UNNw0Ye9">Personal learning environment</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Phenomenon-based_learning/QALDfGRY">Phenomenon-based learning</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Problem-based_learning/sP5vI1p3">Problem-based learning</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Project-based_learning/CDpnlvJS">Project-based learning</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Public_sphere_pedagogy/q48h46JJ">Public sphere pedagogy</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Purpose-centered_education/0fNer62R">Purpose-centered education</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/SCALE-UP/QsJICLkj">SCALE-UP</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Teaching_method/tjADvYgf">Teaching method</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<ul><li>J.S., Armstrong (2012). <a href="https://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/files/?whdmsaction=public:main.file&fileID=8113">"Natural Learning in Higher Education"</a>. Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning. Heidelberg: Springer.</li>
<li>Hoidn, S. (2017). Student-Centered Learning Environments in Higher Education Classrooms. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.</li>
<li>Kember, David (2009). "Promoting student-centred forms of learning across an entire university". Higher Education. 58 (1): 1–13. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10734-008-9177-6">10.1007/s10734-008-9177-6</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145136281">145136281</a>.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

<ul><li><a href="http://lsn.curtin.edu.au/tlf/tlf2000/sparrow.html">A paper from the Teaching and Learning Forum 2000 titled: "Student-centred learning: Is it possible?"</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.edutopia.org/blog/student-centered-learning-environments-paul-bogdan">"Student-Centered Learning Environments: How and Why"</a></li>
<li><a href="http://ylcstudents.x10host.com/hytttw/teachingenvironment.php">"Helping You Talk to the World: Student-Centered Teaching"</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Jones, Leo. (2007). The Student-Centered Classroom. Cambridge University Press. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Rogers, C. R. (1983). Freedom to Learn for the 80's. New York: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, A Bell & Howell Company. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Pedersen, S., & Liu, M. (2003). Teachers' beliefs about issues in the implementation of a student-centered learning environment. Educational Technology Research and Development, 51(2), 57-76. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Hannafin, M. J.; Hannafin, K. M. (2010). "Cognition and Student-Centered, Web-Based Learning: Issues and Implications for Research and Theory" (PDF). Learning and Instruction in the Digital Age. Springer US. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 11, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911072956if_/https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9781441915504-c1.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-855998-p173924330" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210911072956if_/https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9781441915504-c1.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-855998-p173924330</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Young, Lynne E.; Paterson, Barbara L. (2007). Teaching Nursing: Developing a Student-centered Learning Environment. p. 5. ISBN 978-0781757720. <a href="978-0781757720" target="_blank">978-0781757720</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Crumly, Cari; Dietz, Pamela; d’Angelo, Sarah (November 1, 2014). Pedagogies for Student-Centered Learning: Online and On-Ground. Augsburg Fortress Publishers. doi:10.2307/j.ctt9m0skc.5. ISBN 978-1-4514-8953-8. JSTOR j.ctt9m0skc. <a href="978-1-4514-8953-8" target="_blank">978-1-4514-8953-8</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Hannafin, M. J.; Hannafin, K. M. (2010). "Cognition and Student-Centered, Web-Based Learning: Issues and Implications for Research and Theory" (PDF). Learning and Instruction in the Digital Age. Springer US. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 11, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911072956if_/https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9781441915504-c1.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-855998-p173924330" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210911072956if_/https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9781441915504-c1.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-855998-p173924330</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Johnson, Eli (2013). The Student Centered Classroom: Vol 1: Social Studies and History. p. 19. ISBN 978-1317919490. <a href="978-1317919490" target="_blank">978-1317919490</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Student-Centered Learning. (2014). Education Reform Glossary. http://edglossary.org/student-centered-learning/ <a href="https://edglossary.org/student-centered-learning/" target="_blank">https://edglossary.org/student-centered-learning/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Crumly, Cari; Dietz, Pamela; d’Angelo, Sarah (November 1, 2014). Pedagogies for Student-Centered Learning: Online and On-Ground. Augsburg Fortress Publishers. doi:10.2307/j.ctt9m0skc.5. ISBN 978-1-4514-8953-8. JSTOR j.ctt9m0skc. <a href="978-1-4514-8953-8" target="_blank">978-1-4514-8953-8</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Kraft, R. G. (1994). Bike riding and the art of learning. In L. B. Barnes, C. Roland Christensen, & A. J. Hansen (Eds.), Teaching and the case method. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, Pg. 41 <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Armstrong 2012, p. 2. sfn error: no target: CITEREFArmstrong2012 (help) <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Kraft, R. G. (1994). Bike riding and the art of learning. In L. B. Barnes, C. Roland Christensen, & A. J. Hansen (Eds.), Teaching and the case method. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, Pg. 41 <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Vygotsky, L.S. (1980). Mind in Society. p. 89. ISBN 0674076699. <a href="0674076699" target="_blank">0674076699</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Crumly, Cari (2014). Pedagogies for Student-Centered Learning: Online and On-Ground. p. 26. ISBN 978-1451489538. <a href="978-1451489538" target="_blank">978-1451489538</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Crumly 2014, p. 26. - Crumly, Cari (2014). Pedagogies for Student-Centered Learning: Online and On-Ground. p. 26. ISBN 978-1451489538. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1451489536" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1451489536</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Jahnke, Isa (2012). "A Way Out of the Information Jungle". In Coakes, Elayne (ed.). Technological Change and Societal Growth: Analyzing the Future. p. 182. ISBN 978-1466602014. <a href="978-1466602014" target="_blank">978-1466602014</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Can Student-Driven Learning Happen Under Common Core?". KQED. February 26, 2013. Retrieved September 16, 2020. <a href="https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/27332/can-student-driven-learning-happen-under-common-core" target="_blank">https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/27332/can-student-driven-learning-happen-under-common-core</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Cornelius-White, Jeffrey (2007). "Learner-centered teacher-student relationships are effective: A meta-analysis". Review of Educational Research. 77: 113–143. doi:10.3102/003465430298563. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Wright, Gloria Brown (2011). "Student-Centered Learning in Higher Education" (PDF). International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education. 23 (3): 93–94. ISSN 1812-9129. <a href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ938583.pdf" target="_blank">http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ938583.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Attard, Angele; Iorio, Emma Di; Geven, Koen; Santa, Robert (2014). Student-Centered Learning SCL Toolkit. Brussels: European Students' Union. <a href="http://pascl.eu/publications/student-centered-learning-scl-toolkit/" target="_blank">http://pascl.eu/publications/student-centered-learning-scl-toolkit/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Hoidn, Sabine (2017). Student-Centered Learning Environments in Higher Education Classrooms. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="https://www.palgrave.com/de/book/9781349949403" target="_blank">https://www.palgrave.com/de/book/9781349949403</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">ESG, European Higher Education Area (May 15, 2015). "Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area" (PDF). European Higher Education Area. Retrieved April 9, 2023. <a href="http://ehea.info/media.ehea.info/file/2015_Yerevan/72/7/European_Standards_and_Guidelines_for_Quality_Assurance_in_the_EHEA_2015_MC_613727.pdf" target="_blank">http://ehea.info/media.ehea.info/file/2015_Yerevan/72/7/European_Standards_and_Guidelines_for_Quality_Assurance_in_the_EHEA_2015_MC_613727.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Kember 2009, pp. 10, 12. - Kember, David (2009). "Promoting student-centred forms of learning across an entire university". Higher Education. 58 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1007/s10734-008-9177-6. S2CID 145136281. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10734-008-9177-6" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10734-008-9177-6</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Kember 2009, p. 12. - Kember, David (2009). "Promoting student-centred forms of learning across an entire university". Higher Education. 58 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1007/s10734-008-9177-6. S2CID 145136281. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10734-008-9177-6" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10734-008-9177-6</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Geven, K.; Attard, A. (2012). "Time for Student-Centred Learning?". In Curaj, Adrian; Scott, Peter; Vlasceanu, Laz?r (eds.). European Higher Education at the Crossroads. ISBN 978-9400739376. <a href="978-9400739376" target="_blank">978-9400739376</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Student-centered learning open-in-new

Student-centered learning