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Rangwapithecus
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p><i>Rangwapithecus</i> weighed approximately 15 kg (33 lb) and the size and shape of the ape's teeth indicate that it was a <a href="/facts/Folivore/ANbmpaPa">folivore</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> An arboreal ape from the earliest <a href="/facts/Miocene/cBRRzq4g">Miocene</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> adapted to life in the rainforest, it is associated particularly with <a href="/facts/Mfangano_Island/kTDuUlCx">Mfangano Island</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> although the species previously inhabited a woodland-bushland environment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p><i>Rangwapithecus</i> was <a href="/facts/Sympatric/wsPKQEeU">sympatric</a> with <i><a href="/facts/Proconsul_(mammal)/jbFQW12h">Proconsul</a></i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> and may be synonymous with both <i>Proconsul gordoni</i> and <i>Proconsul vancouveringi</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> It is also similar to another species found in Africa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> <i>Rangwapithecus gordoni</i> and <i>P. africanus</i> are similarly sized though they differ morphologically, and both are restricted to Koru and Songhur.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="palaeoecology">Palaeoecology</h2> <p><i>Rangwapithecus</i> was a generalised <a href="/facts/Frugivore/jpgX0ERo">frugivore</a> that was also able to engage in <a href="/facts/Folivore/ANbmpaPa">folivory</a> as a fallback during times of dietary stress.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li>Andrews, Peter (May 2000). "Evolution and Environment in the Hominoidea". In <a href="/facts/Henry_Gee/PS5AhvFt">Gee, H</a> (ed.). <i>Shaking the tree: readings from Nature in the history of life</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-226-28497-2.</li> <li>Andrews, P; Cronin, JE (1982). "The relationships of Sivapithecus and Ramapithecus and the evolution of the orang-utan". <i>Nature</i>. 297 (5867): 541–6. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982Natur.297..541A">1982Natur.297..541A</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F297541a0">10.1038/297541a0</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7045678">7045678</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4368755">4368755</a>.</li> <li>Andrews, P.; Evans, E. N. (1979). "The Environment of Ramapithecus in Africa". <i>Paleobiology</i>. 5 (1): 22–30. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Pbio....5...22A">1979Pbio....5...22A</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0094837300006266">10.1017/s0094837300006266</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2400387">2400387</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88248574">88248574</a>.</li> <li>Andrews, Peter; Kelley, Jay (2007). "Middle Miocene Dispersals of Apes". <i>Folia Primatologica</i>. 78 (5–6): 328–43. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000105148">10.1159/000105148</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17855786">17855786</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19293586">19293586</a>.</li> <li>Begun, David R. (1988). <a href="http://anthropology.utoronto.ca/Faculty/Begun/catarrhine%20phalanges.pdf">"Catarrhine phalanges from the Late Miocene (Vallesian) of Rudabánya, Hungary"</a> (PDF). <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>. 17 (4): 413–37. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988JHumE..17..413B">1988JHumE..17..413B</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0047-2484%2888%2990030-9">10.1016/0047-2484(88)90030-9</a>. Retrieved 2012-12-22.</li> <li>Cameron, D. W. (2004). <i>Hominid adaptations and extinctions</i>. UNSW Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780868407166.</li> <li>Fleagle, JG (1999). <i>Primate adaptation and evolution</i>. Academic Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-12-260341-9.</li> <li>Greenfield, Leonard Owen (1979). "On the adaptive pattern of "Ramapithecus"". <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>. 50 (4): 527–48. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.1330500406">10.1002/ajpa.1330500406</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/111557">111557</a>.</li> <li>Greenfield, L. O. (1987). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=98dBTLwvHJ4C&pg=PA222">"A Late Divergence Hypothesis"</a>. In Ciochon, Russell L.; Fleagle, John G. (eds.). <i>Primate evolution and human origins</i>. Evolutionary Foundations of Human Behavior Series. Transaction Publishers. p. 222. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780202011752. Retrieved 2011-12-29.</li> <li>Leakey, R.E.; Leakey, M.G. (1987). "A new Miocene small-bodied ape from Kenya". <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>. 16 (4): 369–87. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987JHumE..16..369L">1987JHumE..16..369L</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0047-2484%2887%2990067-4">10.1016/0047-2484(87)90067-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Charles_Lyell/6cAM8yRE">Lyell, C</a> (1833). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sWIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA343"><i>Principles of geology: being an attempt to explain the former changes of the earth's surface by reference to causes now in operation, Volume 3</i></a>. J. Murray. Retrieved 2011-12-29.</li> <li>Schwartz, JH (1984). "The evolutionary relationships of man and orang-utans". <i>Nature</i>. 308 (5959): 501–5. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Natur.308..501S">1984Natur.308..501S</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F308501a0">10.1038/308501a0</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6424028">6424028</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4343195">4343195</a>.</li> <li>Tuttle, R. (1986). <i>Apes of the world: their social behavior, communication, mentality, and ecology</i>. Noyes Publ. p. 28. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780815511045.</li> <li>Tuttle, Russell H. (2006). "Seven Decades of East African Miocene Anthropoid Studies". In Ishida, Hidemi; Tuttle, Russell; Pickford, Martin; Ogihara, Naomichi; Nakatsukasa, Masato (eds.). <i>Human origins and environmental backgrounds</i>. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Birkhäuser. pp. 15–29. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0387296388.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rangwapithecus. <ul><li>Wolpoff, M. H.; De Bonis, L.; Fleagle, J. G.; Frayer, D. W.; Greenfield, L. O.; Jacobs, K. H.; Protsch, R.; Rightmire, P. G.; Sarich, V. (1982). "Ramapithecus and Hominid Origins [and Comments and Reply]". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. 23 (5): 501–522. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F202893">10.1086/202893</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2742391">2742391</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88285271">88285271</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Begun 1988 - Begun, David R. (1988). "Catarrhine phalanges from the Late Miocene (Vallesian) of Rudabánya, Hungary" (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 17 (4): 413–37. Bibcode:1988JHumE..17..413B. doi:10.1016/0047-2484(88)90030-9. Retrieved 2012-12-22. <a href="http://anthropology.utoronto.ca/Faculty/Begun/catarrhine%20phalanges.pdf" target="_blank">http://anthropology.utoronto.ca/Faculty/Begun/catarrhine%20phalanges.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Fleagle 1999, p. 462 - Fleagle, JG (1999). Primate adaptation and evolution. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-260341-9. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Lyell 1833, p. 343 - Lyell, C (1833). Principles of geology: being an attempt to explain the former changes of the earth's surface by reference to causes now in operation, Volume 3. J. Murray. Retrieved 2011-12-29. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sWIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA343" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sWIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA343</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Andrews & Kelley 2007, Abstract - Andrews, Peter; Kelley, Jay (2007). "Middle Miocene Dispersals of Apes". Folia Primatologica. 78 (5–6): 328–43. doi:10.1159/000105148. PMID 17855786. S2CID 19293586. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000105148" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000105148</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Andrews & Evans 1979 - Andrews, P.; Evans, E. N. (1979). "The Environment of Ramapithecus in Africa". Paleobiology. 5 (1): 22–30. Bibcode:1979Pbio....5...22A. doi:10.1017/s0094837300006266. JSTOR 2400387. S2CID 88248574. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Pbio....5...22A" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Pbio....5...22A</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Cameron 2004, p. 62 - Cameron, D. W. (2004). Hominid adaptations and extinctions. UNSW Press. ISBN 9780868407166. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Tuttle 1986, p. 28 - Tuttle, R. (1986). Apes of the world: their social behavior, communication, mentality, and ecology. Noyes Publ. p. 28. ISBN 9780815511045. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Leakey & Leakey 1987, Abstract - Leakey, R.E.; Leakey, M.G. (1987). "A new Miocene small-bodied ape from Kenya". Journal of Human Evolution. 16 (4): 369–87. Bibcode:1987JHumE..16..369L. doi:10.1016/0047-2484(87)90067-4. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987JHumE..16..369L" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987JHumE..16..369L</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Andrews 2000, p. 356 - Andrews, Peter (May 2000). "Evolution and Environment in the Hominoidea". In Gee, H (ed.). Shaking the tree: readings from Nature in the history of life. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-28497-2. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Shearer, Brian M.; Ungar, Peter S.; McNulty, Kieran P.; Harcourt-Smith, William E.H.; Dunsworth, Holly M.; Teaford, Mark F. (January 2015). "Dental microwear profilometry of African non-cercopithecoid catarrhines of the Early Miocene". Journal of Human Evolution. 78: 33–43. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.08.011. Retrieved 3 December 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248414002036" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248414002036</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>