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Eurasian chaffinch
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<h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p>The Eurasian chaffinch was described by the Swedish naturalist <a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Carl Linnaeus</a> in 1758 in the <a href="/facts/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae/8H6KJrLJ">10th edition</a> of his <i><a href="/facts/Systema_Naturae/8o4rU1DD">Systema Naturae</a></i> under its current <a href="/facts/Binomial_nomenclature/jgBqAhPv">binomial name</a>, <i>Fringilla coelebs</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> <i>Fringilla</i> is the Latin word for finch, while <i>caelebs</i> means unmarried or single. Linnaeus remarked that during the Swedish winter, only the female birds migrated south through Belgium to Italy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p>The English name comes from the <a href="/facts/Old_English/9rsmQG2a">Old English</a> <i>ceaffinc</i>, where <i>ceaf</i> is "<a href="/facts/Chaff/ED4wb3yK">chaff</a>" and <i>finc</i> "<a href="/facts/Finch/FaSIrLTh">finch</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Chaffinches were likely given this name because after farmers thresh their crops, these birds sometimes spend weeks picking through heaps of discarded chaff for grain. The chaffinch is one of the many birds depicted in the marginal decoration of the 15th-century English illuminated manuscript the <a href="/facts/Sherborne_Missal/7H3yxDa8">Sherborne Missal</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The English naturalist <a href="/facts/William_Turner_(naturalist)/8YcpEMJv">William Turner</a> described the Eurasian chaffinch in his book on birds <i>Avium praecipuarum</i>, published in 1544. Although the text is in Latin, Turner gives the English name as chaffinche and lists two folk names: sheld-appel and spink.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> The word <i>sheld</i> is a dialectal word meaning pied or multicoloured (as in <a href="/facts/Shelduck/4Eg3502e">shelduck</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Appel may be related to <i>Alp</i>, an obsolete word for a bullfinch.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The name <i>spink</i> is probably derived from the bird's call note. The names spink and shell apple are among the many folk names listed for the common chaffinch by Reverend Charles Swainson in his <i>Provincial Names and Folk Lore of British Birds</i> (1885).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Fringillidae/FaSIrLTh">Fringillidae</a> are all seed-eaters with stout conical bills. They have similar skull morphologies, nine large <a href="/facts/Flight_feather/3uVoF8nM">primaries</a>, 12 tail feathers and no <a href="/facts/Crop_(anatomy)/apM1PvqM">crop</a>. In all species, the female builds the nest, incubates the eggs, and broods the young. Finches are divided into two subfamilies, the <a href="/facts/Carduelinae/1pDJKyC6">Carduelinae</a>, containing around 28 <a href="/facts/Genera/m8EFjSms">genera</a> with 141 <a href="/facts/Species/oDg6b96r">species</a> and the <a href="/facts/Fringillinae/NHLtykmJ">Fringillinae</a> containing a single genus, <i><a href="/facts/Fringilla/NHLtykmJ">Fringilla</a></i>, with four species: the common chaffinch (<i>F. coelebs</i>), the <a href="/facts/Gran_Canaria_blue_chaffinch/UKE2fuaV">Gran Canaria blue chaffinch</a> (<i>F. polatzeki</i>), the <a href="/facts/Tenerife_blue_chaffinch/gpk9wcVr">Tenerife blue chaffinch</a> (<i>F. teydea</i>), and the <a href="/facts/Brambling/xSr7PxaS">brambling</a> (<i>F. montifringilla</i>). Fringilline finches raise their young almost entirely on <a href="/facts/Arthropod/JKJLTFzp">arthropods</a>, while the cardueline finches raise their young on regurgitated seeds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h3>Subspecies</h3> <p>A number of <a href="/facts/Subspecies/4L9jFacF">subspecies</a> of the Eurasian chaffinch have been described, based principally on the differences in the pattern and colour of the adult male plumage. </p><p>Within the "<i>coelebs</i> group", the gradual <a href="/facts/Cline_(biology)/e1h1SPrH">clinal</a> variation over the large geographic range and the extensive <a href="/facts/Intergradation/5PFDK55J">intergradation</a> means that the geographical limits and acceptance of the various subspecies varies between authorities. The <a href="/facts/International_Ornithological_Committee/475sIgrJ">International Ornithologists' Union</a> lists 11 subspecies from this group,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> whereas Peter Clement in the Birds of the World lists seven and considers the features of the subspecies <i>balearica</i> (<a href="/facts/Mallorca/3mAERwSU">Mallorca</a>), <i>caucasica</i> (the southern <a href="/facts/Caucasus/sE8P8Ejg">Caucasus</a>), <i>schiebeli</i> (southern Greece, <a href="/facts/Crete/VSqxTU9u">Crete</a> and western Turkey), and <i>tyrrhenica</i> (<a href="/facts/Corsica/6xJ6aREr">Corsica</a>) to fall within the variation of the <a href="/facts/Subspecies/4L9jFacF">nominate subspecies</a>. He also suggests that the subspecies <i>alexandrovi</i>, <i>sarda</i>, <i>solomkoi</i>, and <i>syriaca</i> may represent variations of the nominate subspecies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>The authors of a 2009 <a href="/facts/Molecular_phylogenetic/FysplHP5">molecular phylogenetic</a> study on the three subspecies that were recognised on the Canary Islands concluded that they are sufficiently distinct in both <a href="/facts/Genotype/MlzK1Mfz">genotype</a> and <a href="/facts/Phenotype/vxWXKGLj">phenotype</a> to be considered as separate species within the genus <i>Fringilla</i>. They also proposed a revised distribution of the subspecies on the islands in which the birds on <a href="/facts/La_Palma/3J7sj2oo">La Palma</a> (<i>palmae</i>) and <a href="/facts/El_Hierro/KyJIDcoK">El Hierro</a> (<i>ombrioso</i>) are grouped together as a single subspecies, while the current <i>canariensis</i> subspecies is split into two, with one subspecies occurring only on <a href="/facts/Gran_Canaria/lsC5k0oe">Gran Canaria</a> and the other on <a href="/facts/La_Gomera/5gexTR7n">La Gomera</a> and <a href="/facts/Tenerife/FlyhXV7M">Tenerife</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The results of a study published in 2018 confirmed the earlier findings. The authors formerly described the Gran Canaria variety as a subspecies and coined the <a href="/facts/Trinomial_name/oMVwnoQM">trinomial name</a> <i>Fringilla coelebs bakeri</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <i>coelebs</i> group <ul><li><i>F. c. alexandrovi</i> <a href="/facts/Nikolai_Zarudny/CG8H2bbq">Zarudny</a>, 1916 – northern Iran</li> <li><i>F. c. caucasica</i> Serebrovski, 1925 – Balkans and northern Greece to northern Turkey, central and eastern <a href="/facts/Caucasus/sE8P8Ejg">Caucasus</a> and northwestern Iran</li> <li><i>F. c. coelebs</i> <a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Linnaeus</a>, 1758 (<a href="/facts/Subspecies/4L9jFacF">nominate subspecies</a>) – Eurasia, from <a href="/facts/Western_Europe/YmWlV59w">western Europe</a> and <a href="/facts/Asia_Minor/vMkrLrPr">Asia Minor</a> to <a href="/facts/Siberia/oaCoPEjF">Siberia</a></li> <li><i>F. c. balearica</i> von Jordans, 1923 – <a href="/facts/Iberian_Peninsula/ztFXI8zt">Iberian Peninsula</a> and the <a href="/facts/Balearic_Islands/zsbDICWA">Balearic Islands</a></li> <li><i>F. c. gengleri</i> <a href="/facts/Otto_Kleinschmidt/YVbW7Nw6">O. Kleinschmidt</a>, 1909 – British Isles</li> <li><i>F. c. sarda</i> Rapine, 1925 – <a href="/facts/Sardinia/7GGJNHCx">Sardinia</a></li> <li><i>F. c. schiebeli</i> <a href="/facts/Erwin_Stresemann/Rf1noJlU">Erwin Stresemann</a>, 1925 – southern Greece, <a href="/facts/Crete/VSqxTU9u">Crete</a> and western Turkey</li> <li><i>F. c. solomkoi</i> <a href="/facts/Mikhail_Aleksandrovich_Menzbier/WugLegS6">Menzbier</a> & <a href="/facts/Petr_Petrovich_Sushkin/bEauEyDg">Sushkin</a>, 1913 – <a href="/facts/Crimea/GkM1qNVC">Crimean Peninsula</a> and southwestern Caucasus</li> <li><i>F. c. syriaca</i> J. M. Harrisson, 1945 – <a href="/facts/Cyprus/t9wL6lVK">Cyprus</a>, southeastern Turkey to northern Iran and Jordan</li> <li><i>F. c. transcaspia</i> <a href="/facts/Nikolai_Zarudny/CG8H2bbq">Zarudny</a>, 1916 – northeastern Iran and southwestern Turkmenistan</li> <li><i>F. c. tyrrhenica</i> Schiebel, 1910 – <a href="/facts/Corsica/6xJ6aREr">Corsica</a></li></ul> <h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>The Eurasian chaffinch is about 14.5 cm (5.7 in) long, with a wingspan of 24.5–28.5 cm (9.6–11.2 in) and a weight of 18–29 g (0.63–1.02 oz).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> The adult male of the nominate subspecies has a black forehead and a <a href="/facts/Blue-grey/0HlrWARh">blue-grey</a> crown, nape and upper mantle. The rump is a light <a href="/facts/Olive_(color)/IMkcdPWd">olive-green</a>; the lower mantle and scapulars form a brown saddle. The side of head, throat and breast are a dull <a href="/facts/Rust_(color)/GygqjR6q">rust-red</a> merging to a pale creamy-pink on the belly. The central pair of tail feathers are dark grey with a black shaft streak. The rest of the tail is black apart from the two outer feathers on each side which have white wedges.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Each wing has a contrasting white panel on the <a href="/facts/Covert_feather/yF8VhdYA">coverts</a> and a buff-white bar on the <a href="/facts/Flight_feather/3uVoF8nM">secondaries</a> and inner primaries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Flight_feather/3uVoF8nM">flight feathers</a> are black with white on the basal portions of the vanes. The secondaries and inner primaries have pale yellow fringes on the outer web whereas the outer primaries have a white outer edge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>After the autumn <a href="/facts/Moulting/2wdfTSL5">moult</a>, the tips of the new feathers have a buff fringe that adds a brown cast to the coloured plumage. The ends of the feathers wear away over the winter so that by the spring breeding season the underlying brighter colours are displayed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> The eyes have dark brown <a href="/facts/Iris_(anatomy)/e774BXL8">irises</a> and the legs are grey-brown. In winter the <a href="/facts/Beak/ogF79j48">bill</a> is a pale grey and slightly darker along the upper ridge or <a href="/facts/Beak/ogF79j48">culmen</a>, but in spring the bill becomes bluish-grey with a small black tip.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>The male of the subspecies resident in the British Isles (<i>F. c. gengleri</i>) closely resembles the nominate subspecies, but has a slightly darker mantle and underparts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>The adult female is much duller in appearance than the male. The head and most of the upperparts are shades of grey-brown. The underparts are paler. The lower back and rump are a dull olive green. The wings and tail are similar to those of the male. The juvenile resembles the female.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <h3>Voice</h3> <p>Males typically sing two or three different song types, and there are regional dialects also.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>The acquisition by the young Eurasian chaffinch of its song was the subject of an influential study by British ethologist <a href="/facts/William_Homan_Thorpe/PUP552zQ">William Thorpe</a>. Thorpe determined that if the young common chaffinch is not exposed to the adult male's song during a certain <a href="/facts/Critical_period/zcNJmBkf">critical period</a> after hatching, it will never properly learn the song. He also found that in adult Eurasian chaffinches, castration eliminates the song, but injection of testosterone induces such birds to sing even in November, when they are normally silent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="distribution-and-habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2> <p>The Eurasian chaffinch breeds in wooded areas where the July <a href="/facts/Isotherm_(contour_line)/35Qten5r">isotherm</a> is between 12 and 30 °C (54 and 86 °F).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> The breeding range includes most of Europe and extends eastwards across <a href="/facts/Temperate_climate/6WPypCzC">temperate</a> Asia to the <a href="/facts/Angara_River/NDdJR5Rb">Angara River</a> and the southern end of <a href="/facts/Lake_Baikal/ndjtNeJ7">Lake Baikal</a> in <a href="/facts/Siberia/oaCoPEjF">Siberia</a>. The Eurasian chaffinch was introduced from Great Britain into several of its overseas territories in the second half of the 19th century. In New Zealand, the Eurasian chaffinch had colonised both the <a href="/facts/North_Island/RUGtJJev">North</a> and <a href="/facts/South_Island/asD6NsNx">South Islands</a> by 1900 and is now one of the most widespread and common passerine species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> In South Africa, a very small breeding colony in the suburbs of <a href="/facts/Constantia,_Cape_Town/UFs6CaCy">Constantia</a>, <a href="/facts/Hout_Bay/CE2NkCpG">Hout Bay</a>, <a href="/facts/Pinelands,_Cape_Town/Rd9pUh2V">Pinelands</a> and <a href="/facts/Camps_Bay/GSg3N4p7">Camps Bay</a> in <a href="/facts/Cape_Town/tFrIG1gz">Cape Town</a> is the only remnant of another such introduction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p><p>This bird is not <a href="/facts/Bird_migration/GvraPhgn">migratory</a> in the milder parts of its range, but vacates the colder regions in winter. It forms loose flocks outside the breeding season, sometimes mixed with <a href="/facts/Brambling/xSr7PxaS">bramblings</a>. It occasionally strays to eastern North America, although some sightings may be escapees. </p> <h2 id="behaviour">Behaviour</h2> <h3>Breeding</h3> <p>Eurasian chaffinches first breed when they are 1 year old. They are mainly monogamous and the pair-bond for residential subspecies such as <i>gengleri</i> sometimes persists from one year to the next.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> The date for breeding is dependent on the spring temperature and is earlier in southwest Europe and later in the northeast. In Great Britain, most <a href="/facts/Clutch_(eggs)/suAybckh">clutches</a> are laid between late April and the middle of June. A male attracts a female to his territory through song.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p><p>Nests are built entirely by the female and are usually located in the fork of a bush or a tree several metres above the ground.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> The nest has a deep cup and is lined with a layer of thin roots and feathers. The outside is covered with a layer of lichen and spider silk over an inner layer of moss and grass. The eggs are laid in early morning at daily intervals until the <a href="/facts/Clutch_(eggs)/suAybckh">clutch</a> is complete.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> The clutch is typically 4–5 eggs, which are smooth and slightly glossy, but very variable in colour. They range from pale-blueish green to light red with purple-brown blotches, spots or steaks. The average size of an egg is 19 mm × 15 mm (0.75 in × 0.59 in) with a weight of 2.2 g (0.078 oz). The eggs are incubated for 10–16 days by the female.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> The chicks are <a href="/facts/Altricial/C8JqqyaX">altricial</a>, hatching nearly naked with closed eyes, and are fed by both parents but mainly by the female, who broods them for around six days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> They are mainly fed caterpillars. The nestlings fledge 11–18 days after hatching and disperse. The young birds are then assisted with feeding by both parents for a further three weeks. The parents only very rarely start a second brood, but when they do so it is always in a new nest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> Juveniles undergo a partial <a href="/facts/Moult/2wdfTSL5">moult</a> at around five weeks of age in which they replace their head, body and many of their <a href="/facts/Covert_feather/yF8VhdYA">covert</a> feathers, but not their primary and secondary flight feathers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> After breeding adult birds undergo a complete annual moult which lasts around ten weeks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p><p>In a study carried out in Britain using <a href="/facts/Bird_ringing/4MX5I54F">ring-recovery</a> data, the survival rate for juveniles in their first year was 53 per cent, and the adult annual survival rate was 59 per cent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> From these figures the typical lifespan is only 3 years,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> but the maximum age recorded is 15 years and 6 months for a bird in Switzerland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p> <h3>Feeding</h3> <p>Outside the breeding season, Eurasian chaffinches mainly eat seeds and other plant material that they find on the ground. They often forage in open country in large flocks. Common chaffinches seldom take food directly from plants and only very rarely use their feet for handling food.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> During the breeding season, their diet switches to invertebrates, especially defoliating caterpillars. They forage in trees and also occasionally make short sallies to catch insects in the air.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> The young are entirely fed with invertebrates which include caterpillars, aphids, earwigs, spiders and grubs (the larvae of beetles).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="predators-and-parasites">Predators and parasites</h2> <p>The eggs and nestlings of the Eurasian chaffinch are predated by <a href="/facts/Crow/S8n67ojy">crows</a>, <a href="/facts/Red_squirrel/a9TRfG94">Eurasian red</a> and <a href="/facts/Eastern_gray_squirrel/R3tvGHgp">eastern grey squirrels</a>, <a href="/facts/Cat/82d0y6D5">domestic cats</a> and probably also by <a href="/facts/Stoat/8rUUKVnc">stoats</a> and <a href="/facts/Least_weasel/CI5bFfaX">weasels</a>. Clutches begun later in the spring suffer less predation, an effect that is believed to be due to the increased vegetation making nests more difficult to find.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> Unlike the case for the closely related brambling, the common chaffinch is not parasitised by the <a href="/facts/Common_cuckoo/ufaVHT4l">common cuckoo</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Protozoa/JczTf25H">protozoal</a> parasite <i><a href="/facts/Trichomonas_gallinae/Gv0qQTRb">Trichomonas gallinae</a></i> was known to infect pigeons and raptors, but beginning in Great Britain in 2005, carcasses of dead <a href="/facts/European_greenfinch/PDJrVHT1">European greenfinches</a> and common chaffinches were found to be infected with the parasite.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> The disease spread and in 2008, infected carcasses were found in Norway, Sweden and Finland and a year later in Germany. The spread of the disease is believed to have been mediated by Eurasian chaffinches, as large numbers of the birds breed in northern Europe and winter in Great Britain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> In Great Britain, the number of infected carcasses recovered each year declined after a peak in 2006. There was a reduction in the number of European greenfinches but no significant decline in the overall number of common chaffinches.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> A similar pattern occurred in Finland where, after the arrival of the disease in 2008, there was a reduction in the number of European greenfinches, but only a small change in the number of Eurasian chaffinches.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> </p><p>Eurasian chaffinches can develop tumors on their feet and legs caused by the <i>Fringilla coelebs</i> <a href="/facts/Papillomaviridae/PLUv3gRU">papillomavirus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> The size of the <a href="/facts/Papilloma/RDAu3CXY">papillomas</a> range from a small nodule on a digit to a large growth involving both the foot and the leg. The disease is uncommon: in a 1973 study undertaken in the Netherlands, of around 25,000 common chaffinches screened, only 330 bore papillomas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="status">Status</h2> <p>The Eurasian chaffinch has an extensive range, estimated at 7 million square kilometres (3.7 million square miles) and a large population including an estimated 130–240 million breeding pairs in Europe. Allowing for the birds breeding in Asia, the total population lies between 530 and 1,400 million individuals. There is no evidence of any serious overall decline in numbers, so the species is classified by the <a href="/facts/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature/QwV8JXup">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> as being of <a href="/facts/Least_Concern/8u7koV5r">Least Concern</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="relationship-to-humans">Relationship to humans</h2> <p>The Eurasian chaffinch was once popular as a caged songbird and large numbers of wild birds were trapped and sold.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> At the end of the 19th century, trapping even depleted the number of birds in London parks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> In 1882, the English publisher <a href="/facts/Samuel_Orchart_Beeton/Sd97ArPS">Samuel Orchart Beeton</a> issued a guide on the care of caged birds and included the recommendation: "To parents and guardians plagued with a morose and sulky boy, my advice is, buy him a chaffinch."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> Competitions were held where bets were placed on which caged common chaffinch would repeat its song the greatest number of times. The birds were sometimes blinded with a hot needle in the belief that this encouraged them to sing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> This practice is the subject of the poem <i><a href="/facts/The_Blinded_Bird/8x9BBdjU">The Blinded Bird</a></i> by the English author <a href="/facts/Thomas_Hardy/ToWJdXbr">Thomas Hardy</a>, which contrasts the cruelty involved in blinding the birds with their zestful song.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> In Great Britain, the practice of keeping Eurasian chaffinches as pets declined after the trapping of wild birds was outlawed by the Wild Birds Protection Acts of 1880 to 1896.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> </p><p>The Eurasian chaffinch is still a popular pet bird in some European countries. In Belgium, the traditional sport of <a href="/facts/Vinkenzetting/zeyfbEMK">vinkenzetting</a> pits male Eurasian chaffinches against one another in a contest for the most bird calls in an hour.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="sources">Sources</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Stanley_Cramp/p6LvULNQ">Cramp, Stanley</a>, ed. (1994). "<i>Fringilla coelebs</i> Chaffinch". <i>Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 8: Crows to Finches</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 448–473. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-854679-5.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ian_Newton/HtLrLKBQ">Newton, Ian</a> (1972). <i>Finches</i>. The New Naturalist, Volume 55. London: Collins. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-00-213065-3.</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Lynch, A; Plunkett, G M; Baker, A J; Jenkins, P F (1989). "A model of cultural evolution of chaffinch song derived with the meme concept". <i>The American Naturalist</i>. 133 (5): 634–653. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ANat..133..634L">1989ANat..133..634L</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F284942">10.1086/284942</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2462072">2462072</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84322859">84322859</a>.</li> <li>Marler, Peter (1956). "Behaviour of the chaffinch <i>Fringilla coelebs</i>". <i>Behaviour. Supplement</i>. Supplement 5 (5). Leiden: III–184. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30039131">30039131</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fringilla coelebs. <a href="/facts/Wikispecies/b2GhA7Le">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i>Fringilla coelebs</i>. <ul><li><a href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=6364E4A5">"Fringilla coelebs"</a>. <i>Avibase</i>. </li> <li><a href="http://www.hbw.com/ibc/species/common-chaffinch-fringilla-coelebs">Internet Bird Collection</a></li> <li><a href="http://blascozumeta.com/wp-content/uploads/aragon-birds/passeriformes/426.chaffinch-fcoelebs.pdf">Ageing and sexing (PDF; 3.6 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.ornithos.de/Ornithos/Feather_Collection/Fringilla_coelebs/Fringilla_coelebs.htm">Feathers of Common Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs)</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Fringilla-coelebs">Vocalisations on Xeno-canto</a></li> <li><a href="http://hdl.handle.net/2268/246148:">Sonagrams of Chaffinch songs (Fringilla coelebs)</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" target="_blank">/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" target="_blank">/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 112, 164. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. <a href="978-1-4081-2501-4" target="_blank">978-1-4081-2501-4</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Chaffinch". American Heritage Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Retrieved 25 November 2016. <a href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=chaffinch" target="_blank">https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=chaffinch</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Clark, Kenneth (1977). Animals and Men. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-500-23257-6. <a href="978-0-500-23257-6" target="_blank">978-0-500-23257-6</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"The Sherborne Missal - Pages 17 and 18". British Library. Retrieved 19 August 2013. <a href="https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ttp/sherborne/accessible/pages17and18.html" target="_blank">https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ttp/sherborne/accessible/pages17and18.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Turner, William (1903) [1544]. Turner on birds: a short and succinct history of the principal birds noticed by Pliny and Aristotle first published by Doctor William Turner, 1544 (in Latin and English). Translated by Evans, A.H. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 72–73. The Latin title of the 1544 edition was: Avium praecipuarum quarum apud Plinium et Aristotelem mentio est, brevis et succincta historia. <a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(naturalist)" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Turner_(naturalist)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"sheld". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) <a href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=sheld" target="_blank">https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=sheld</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Swainson, Charles (1885). Provincial names and folk lore of British birds. London: Trübner. pp. 62–63. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/provincialnames00swaigoog#page/n79/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/provincialnames00swaigoog#page/n79/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"alp". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) <a href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/5677" target="_blank">https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/5677</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Swainson, Charles (1885). Provincial names and folk lore of British birds. London: Trübner. pp. 62–63. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/provincialnames00swaigoog#page/n79/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/provincialnames00swaigoog#page/n79/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Collar, Nigel; Newton, Ian (2010). "Family Fringillidae (Finches)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 15: Weavers to New World Warblers. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 440–442. ISBN 978-84-96553-68-2. <a href="978-84-96553-68-2" target="_blank">978-84-96553-68-2</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 August 2015. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)" target="_blank">/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Clement, P. (2020). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Common Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs)". Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.comcha.01. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Suárez, Nicolás M; Betancor, Eva; Klassert, Tilman E.; Almeida, Teresa; Hernández, Mariano; Pestano, José J. (2009). "Phylogeography and genetic structure of the Canarian Common Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) inferred with mtDNA and microsatellite loci". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 53 (2): 556–564. Bibcode:2009MolPE..53..556S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.018. PMID 19632343. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Illera, J.C.; Rando, J.C.; Rodriguez-Exposito, E.; Hernandez, M.; Claramunt, S.; Martin, A. (2018). "Acoustic, genetic, and morphological analysis of the Canarian common chaffinch complex (Fringilla coelebs ssp.) reveals a cryptic diversification process". Journal of Avian Biology. 49 (12): 1–12. doi:10.1111/jav.01885. hdl:10651/50493. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Cramp (1994), p. 448. - Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1994). "Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 8: Crows to Finches. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 448–473. ISBN 978-0-19-854679-5. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Cramp (1994), pp. 467–468. - Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1994). "Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 8: Crows to Finches. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 448–473. ISBN 978-0-19-854679-5. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Cramp (1994), p. 448. - Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1994). "Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 8: Crows to Finches. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 448–473. ISBN 978-0-19-854679-5. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Cramp (1994), pp. 467–468. - Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1994). "Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 8: Crows to Finches. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 448–473. ISBN 978-0-19-854679-5. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Cramp (1994), pp. 467–468. - Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1994). "Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 8: Crows to Finches. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 448–473. ISBN 978-0-19-854679-5. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Newton (1972), p. 19. - Newton, Ian (1972). Finches. The New Naturalist, Volume 55. London: Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-213065-3. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Cramp (1994), p. 469. - Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1994). "Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 8: Crows to Finches. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 448–473. ISBN 978-0-19-854679-5. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Cramp (1994), pp. 472–473. - Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1994). "Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 8: Crows to Finches. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 448–473. ISBN 978-0-19-854679-5. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Cramp (1994), p. 449. - Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1994). "Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 8: Crows to Finches. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 448–473. ISBN 978-0-19-854679-5. <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Metzmacher, M.; Mairy, F. (1972). "Variations géographiques de la figure finale du chant du Pinson des arbres (Fringilla c. coelebs L.)". Le Gerfaut (in French). 62: 215–244. hdl:2268/162278. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Metzmacher, M. (2016). "Imitations et transmission culturelle dans le chant du Pinson des arbres Fringilla coelebs ?". Alauda (in French). 84: 203–220. hdl:2268/204048. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Thorpe, W. (1958). "The learning of song patterns by birds, with special reference to the song of the Chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs". Ibis. 100 (4): 535–570. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1958.tb07960.x. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Metzmacher, M. (1995). "La transmission du chant chez le Pinson des arbres (Fringilla c. coelebs): phase sensible et rôle des tuteurs chez les oiseaux captifs" (PDF). Alauda (in French). 63 (2): 123–134. <a href="https://orbi.ulg.ac.be/bitstream/2268/162713/1/chant_pda.pdf" target="_blank">https://orbi.ulg.ac.be/bitstream/2268/162713/1/chant_pda.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Cramp (1994), p. 450. - Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1994). "Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 8: Crows to Finches. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 448–473. ISBN 978-0-19-854679-5. <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Baker, Allan J.; Peck, Mark K.; Goldsmith, Margaret A. (1990). "Genetic and morphometric differentiation in introduced populations of Common Chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs) in New Zealand" (PDF). The Condor. 92 (1): 76–88. doi:10.2307/1368385. JSTOR 1368385. <a href="https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v092n01/p0076-p0088.pdf" target="_blank">https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v092n01/p0076-p0088.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Higgins, P.J.; Peter, J.M.; Cowling, S.J., eds. (2006). "Fringilla coelebs Common Chaffinch" (PDF). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 7: Boatbill to Starlings. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 1305–1315 [1308]. ISBN 978-0-19-555885-2. <a href="978-0-19-555885-2" target="_blank">978-0-19-555885-2</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Brooke, R.K. (1997). "Chaffinch, Gryskoppie Fringilla coelebs". In Harrison, J.A.; et al. (eds.). Atlas of South African Birds, Volume 2: Passerines (PDF). Johannesburg: BirdLife South Africa. p. 648. ISBN 0-620-20731-0. <a href="0-620-20731-0" target="_blank">0-620-20731-0</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Cramp (1994), p. 457. - Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1994). "Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 8: Crows to Finches. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 448–473. ISBN 978-0-19-854679-5. <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Newton (1972), p. 137. - Newton, Ian (1972). Finches. The New Naturalist, Volume 55. London: Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-213065-3. <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Cramp (1994), pp. 466–467. - Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1994). "Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 8: Crows to Finches. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 448–473. ISBN 978-0-19-854679-5. <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Newton (1972), p. 141. - Newton, Ian (1972). Finches. The New Naturalist, Volume 55. London: Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-213065-3. <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Cramp (1994), pp. 466–467. - Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1994). "Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 8: Crows to Finches. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 448–473. ISBN 978-0-19-854679-5. <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Newton (1972), pp. 141–142. - Newton, Ian (1972). Finches. The New Naturalist, Volume 55. London: Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-213065-3. <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Cramp (1994), pp. 466–467. - Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1994). "Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 8: Crows to Finches. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 448–473. ISBN 978-0-19-854679-5. <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Cramp (1994), p. 469. - Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1994). "Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 8: Crows to Finches. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 448–473. 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