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Ontology language
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<h2 id="classification-of-ontology-languages">Classification of ontology languages</h2> <h3>Classification by syntax</h3> <h4>Traditional syntax ontology languages</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Common_Logic/U6FJjVaL">Common Logic</a> - and its dialects</li> <li><a href="/facts/CycL/8KLrJ6G1">CycL</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/DOGMA/vl3H3Y6C">DOGMA</a> (Developing Ontology-Grounded Methods and Applications)</li> <li><a href="/facts/F-Logic/UAx92NCG">F-Logic</a> (Frame Logic)</li> <li><a href="/facts/FO-dot/arlSqAX7">FO-dot</a> (First-order logic extended with types, arithmetic, aggregates and inductive definitions)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Knowledge_Interchange_Format/4EjXR0dJ">KIF</a> (Knowledge Interchange Format) <ul><li>Ontolingua based on KIF</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/KL-ONE/U5JFH2c4">KL-ONE</a></li> <li>KM programming language</li> <li><a href="/facts/LOOM_(ontology)/Bjjz91KD">LOOM (ontology)</a></li> <li>OCML (Operational Conceptual Modelling Language)</li> <li><a href="/facts/OKBC/lNJtkvu3">OKBC</a> (<a href="/facts/Open_Knowledge_Base_Connectivity/lNJtkvu3">Open Knowledge Base Connectivity</a>)</li> <li>PLIB (Parts LIBrary)</li> <li>RACER</li></ul> <h4>Markup ontology languages</h4> <p>These languages use a <a href="/facts/Markup_language/WwhlNVIu">markup</a> scheme to encode knowledge, most commonly with <a href="/facts/XML/clNgUfWk">XML</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/DAMLplusOIL/jkr0IGn8">DAML+OIL</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ontology_Inference_Layer/zyyqWT3d">Ontology Inference Layer</a> (OIL)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Web_Ontology_Language/jkr0IGn8">Web Ontology Language</a> (OWL)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Resource_Description_Framework/WMufyukm">Resource Description Framework</a> (RDF)</li> <li><a href="/facts/RDF_Schema/GCVY1XYY">RDF Schema</a> (RDFS)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Simple_HTML_Ontology_Extensions/wyGmqhQS">SHOE</a></li></ul> <h4>Controlled natural languages</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Attempto_Controlled_English/21K4T1e1">Attempto Controlled English</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Open vocabulary natural languages</h4> <ul><li>Executable English</li></ul> <h3>Classification by structure (logic type)</h3> <h4>Frame-based</h4> <p>Three languages are completely or partially <a href="/facts/Frame_(data_structure)/YnQaR34X">frame-based</a> languages. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/FLogic/UAx92NCG">F-Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/OKBC/lNJtkvu3">OKBC</a></li> <li>KM</li></ul> <h4>Description logic-based</h4> <p><a href="/facts/Description_logic/9jpPaDsn">Description logic</a> provides an extension of <a href="/facts/Frame_language/YnQaR34X">frame languages</a>, without going so far as to take the leap to <a href="/facts/First-order_logic/lcISqWIg">first-order logic</a> and support for arbitrary predicates. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/KL-ONE/U5JFH2c4">KL-ONE</a></li> <li>RACER</li> <li><a href="/facts/Web_ontology_language/jkr0IGn8">OWL</a>.</li></ul> <p><a href="/facts/Gellish/kkModhkv">Gellish</a> is an example of a combined ontology language and ontology that is description logic-based. It distinguishes between the semantic differences among others of: </p> <ul><li>relation types for relations between concepts (classes)</li> <li>relation types for relations between individuals</li> <li>relation types for relations between individuals and classes</li></ul> <p>It also contains constructs to express queries and communicative intent. </p> <h4>First-order logic-based</h4> <p>Several ontology languages support expressions in <a href="/facts/First-order_logic/lcISqWIg">first-order logic</a> and allow general predicates. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Common_Logic/U6FJjVaL">Common Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/CycL/8KLrJ6G1">CycL</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/FO-dot/arlSqAX7">FO-dot</a> (first-order logic extended with types, arithmetic, aggregates and inductive definitions)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Knowledge_Interchange_Format/4EjXR0dJ">KIF</a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Domain_theory/G1wRMK2K">Domain theory</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Formal_concept_analysis/ztxSSxMB">Formal concept analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Galois_connection/lwuFXX2d">Galois connection</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lattice_(order)/5ak6ufky">Lattice (order)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Modeling_language/9Nm6YLcR">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/OntoUML/NK0Nbgug">OntoUML</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li>Oscar Corcho, Asuncion Gomez-Perez, <i><a href="http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~ocorcho/documents/ekaw00_CorchoGomezPerez.pdf">A Roadmap to Ontology Specification Languages</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><a href="http://www.inf.unibz.it/~franconi/dl/course/"><i>Introduction to Description Logics</i> – DL course</a> by Enrico Franconi, Faculty of Computer Science, Free University of Bolzano, Italy</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Kuhn, Tobias. "Attempto Controlled English as ontology language." REWERSE Annual Meeting. 2006. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tobias_Kuhn/publication/228638589_Attempto_Controlled_English_as_ontology_language/links/0c9605186218a9b99e000000.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tobias_Kuhn/publication/228638589_Attempto_Controlled_English_as_ontology_language/links/0c9605186218a9b99e000000.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>