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Tellurium dioxide
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<h2 id="preparation">Preparation</h2> <p>Paratellurite, α-TeO2, is produced by reacting tellurium with <a href="/facts/Dioxygen/UVNYnKUQ">O2</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> Te + O2 → TeO2 <p>An alternative preparation is to dehydrate tellurous acid, H2TeO3, or to thermally decompose basic tellurium nitrate, Te2O4·HNO3, above 400 °C.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="physical-properties">Physical properties</h2> <p>The longitudinal speed of sound in Tellurium dioxide is 4,260 metres per second (14,000 ft/s) at around room temperature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="chemical-properties">Chemical properties</h2> <p>TeO2 is barely <a href="/facts/Soluble/kLE9h3Jb">soluble</a> in <a href="/facts/Water/0lkXnJPK">water</a> and soluble in <a href="/facts/Acid/FySU18n1">strong acids</a> and <a href="/facts/Alkali_metal_hydroxide/Dk5IUPSJ">alkali metal hydroxides</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> It is an <a href="/facts/Amphoteric/2UrXEsyl">amphoteric</a> substance and therefore can act both as an acid or as a base depending on the solution it is in.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> It reacts with acids to make tellurium salts and bases to make <a href="/facts/Tellurite_(ion)/lD5UQzRb">tellurites</a>. It can be oxidized to <a href="/facts/Telluric_acid/pDAoT4w7">telluric acid</a> or <a href="/facts/Tellurate/jnAvMCss">tellurates</a>. </p><p>The tellurite ion is kinetically inert, but TeO2 equivalents will oxidize <a href="/facts/Thiocarboxylic_acid/x9e73QKY">thioates</a> in acid to the diacyl disulfide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="structure">Structure</h2> <p>Paratellurite, α-TeO2, converts at high pressure into the β-, tellurite form.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Both the α-, (paratellurite) and β- (tellurite forms) contain four coordinate Te with the oxygen atoms at four of the corners of a trigonal bipyramid. In paratellurite all vertices are shared to give a <a href="/facts/Titanium_dioxide/T0KWmKcz">rutile</a>-like structure, where the O-Te-O bond angle are 140°. α-TeO2 In tellurite pairs of trigonal pyramidal, TeO4 units, sharing an edge, share vertices to then form a layer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The shortest Te-Te distance in tellurite is 317 pm, compared to 374 pm in paratellurite.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Similar Te2O6 units are found in the mineral denningite.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>TeO2 melts at 732.6 °C, forming a red liquid.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> The structure of the liquid, as well as the glass which can be formed from it with sufficiently rapid cooling, are also based on approximately four coordinate Te. However, compared to the crystalline forms, the liquid and glass appear to incorporate short-range disorder (a variety of coordination geometries) which marks TeO2 glass as distinct from the canonical single-oxide glass-formers such as SiO2, which share the same short-range order with their parent liquids.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <p>It is used as an <a href="/facts/Acousto-optic/mlSxzC7m">acousto-optic</a> material.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>Tellurium dioxide is also a reluctant glass former, it will form a glass under suitable cooling conditions,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> or with additions of a small <a href="/facts/Molar_fraction/nW4EepmJ">molar fraction</a> of a second compound such as an oxide or halide. TeO2 glasses have high <a href="/facts/Refractive_indices/yjkzvgeE">refractive indices</a> and transmit into the mid-<a href="/facts/Infrared/44XdJNcc">infrared</a> part of the <a href="/facts/Electromagnetic_spectrum/24LARvFY">electromagnetic spectrum</a>, therefore they are of technological interest for <a href="/facts/Optical_waveguide/CQ6AnRAl">optical waveguides</a>. Tellurite glasses have also been shown to exhibit <a href="/facts/Raman_amplification/c2cNDHyc">Raman gain</a> up to 30 times that of <a href="/facts/Silica/A3WILp6J">silica</a>, useful in <a href="/facts/Optical_fibre/5ruuIFbj">optical fibre</a> amplification.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="safety">Safety</h2> <p>TeO2 is a possible <a href="/facts/Teratogen/j4BN6lsB">teratogen</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>Exposure to tellurium compounds produces a <a href="/facts/Garlic/NschLR1S">garlic</a>-like odour on the breath, caused by the formation of diethyl telluride.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.mt-berlin.com/frames_ao/descriptions/teo2.htm">TeO2 properties at Moltech Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/TE/tellurium_dioxide.html">Safety data for TeO2</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070109072244/http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/TE/tellurium_dioxide.html">Archived</a> 2007-01-09 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Greenwood NN, Earnshaw A (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. p. 911. ISBN 978-0-08-022057-4. <a href="978-0-08-022057-4" target="_blank">978-0-08-022057-4</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>W.R.McWhinnie (1995) Tellurium - Inorganic chemistry Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry Ed. R. Bruce King (1994) John Wiley & Sons ISBN 978-0-471-93620-6 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Greenwood NN, Earnshaw A (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. p. 911. ISBN 978-0-08-022057-4. <a href="978-0-08-022057-4" target="_blank">978-0-08-022057-4</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Greenwood NN, Earnshaw A (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. p. 911. ISBN 978-0-08-022057-4. <a href="978-0-08-022057-4" target="_blank">978-0-08-022057-4</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"MODEL ATM SERIES ACOUSTO-OPTIC MODULATOR" (PDF). Intraaction.com. Retrieved 14 March 2022. <a href="https://intraaction.com/wp-content/themes/Divi/pdf/ATMModSeries08991.pdf" target="_blank">https://intraaction.com/wp-content/themes/Divi/pdf/ATMModSeries08991.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Mary Eagleson (1994). Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 1081. ISBN 3-11-011451-8. <a href="3-11-011451-8" target="_blank">3-11-011451-8</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>K. W. Bagnall (1966). The Chemistry of Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium. London: Elsevier. pp. 59–60. ISBN 0-08-018855-9. <a href="0-08-018855-9" target="_blank">0-08-018855-9</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Subrahmanyan T, Aravamudan G, Rout GC, Seshasayee M (1984) [18 March 1983]. "Synthesis, properties, and molecular structure of bis(thiobenzoato-S)tellurium(II), C14H10O2S2Te(II)". Journal of Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Research. 14 (3). Plenum: 242–243. Bibcode:1984JCCry..14..239S. doi:10.1007/BF01161161. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Wells, A. F. (1984), Structural Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, ISBN 0-19-855370-6 <a href="0-19-855370-6" target="_blank">0-19-855370-6</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Wells, A. F. (1984), Structural Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, ISBN 0-19-855370-6 <a href="0-19-855370-6" target="_blank">0-19-855370-6</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Wells, A. F. (1984), Structural Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, ISBN 0-19-855370-6 <a href="0-19-855370-6" target="_blank">0-19-855370-6</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Wells, A. F. (1984), Structural Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, ISBN 0-19-855370-6 <a href="0-19-855370-6" target="_blank">0-19-855370-6</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Egon Wiberg, Nils Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001). Inorganic chemistry. Academic Press. pp. 592–593. ISBN 0-12-352651-5. <a href="0-12-352651-5" target="_blank">0-12-352651-5</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Alderman O, Benmore C, Feller S, Kamitsos E, Simandiras E, Liakos D, Jesuit M, Boyd M, Packard M, Weber R (2020). "Short-Range Disorder in TeO2 Melt and Glass". J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11 (2): 427–431. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03231. OSTI 1591765. PMID 31867975. S2CID 209446093. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"MODEL ATM SERIES ACOUSTO-OPTIC MODULATOR" (PDF). Intraaction.com. Retrieved 14 March 2022. <a href="https://intraaction.com/wp-content/themes/Divi/pdf/ATMModSeries08991.pdf" target="_blank">https://intraaction.com/wp-content/themes/Divi/pdf/ATMModSeries08991.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Tagiara NS, Palles D, Simandiras E, Psycharis V, Kyritsis A, Kamitsos EI (2017). "Synthesis, thermal and structural properties of pure TeO2 glass and zinc-tellurite glasses". Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 457: 116–125. doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2016.11.033. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Stegeman R, Jankovic L, Kim H, Rivero C, Stegeman G, Richardson K, Delfyett P, Guo Y, Schulte A, Cardinal T (2003). "Tellurite glasses with peak absolute Raman gain coefficients up to 30 times that of fused silica". Optics Letters. 28 (13): 1126–8. Bibcode:2003OptL...28.1126S. doi:10.1364/OL.28.001126. PMID 12879929. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Perez-D'Gregorio RE, Miller RK, Baggs RB (1988). "Maternal toxicity and teratogenicity of tellurium dioxide in the Wistar rat: relationship to pair-feeding". Reprod. Toxicol. 2 (1): 55–61. Bibcode:1988RepTx...2...55P. doi:10.1016/S0890-6238(88)80009-1. PMID 2980402. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Atta-ur-Rahman (2008). Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, Volume 35. Elsevier. p. 905. ISBN 978-0-444-53181-0. <a href="978-0-444-53181-0" target="_blank">978-0-444-53181-0</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>