True self and false self

<h2 id="characteristics">Characteristics</h2>
In his work, Winnicott saw the "true self" as stemming from self-perception in early infancy, such as awareness of tangible aspects of being alive, like blood pumping through veins and lungs inflating and deflating with breathing—what Winnicott called simply being.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> Out of this, an infant begins to guarantee that these elements are constant, and regards its life as an essential <a href="/facts/Reality/oC1xokDB">reality</a>. After birth, the baby's spontaneous, nonverbal gestures derive from that <a href="/facts/Instinct/LY8dyt6a">instinctual</a> sense,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> and if responded to kindly and with affirmation by the parents, become the basis for the continuing development of the true self.
However, when what Winnicott was careful to describe as <a href="/facts/Good_enough_parenting/U6ASgcuQ">good enough parenting</a>—i.e., not necessarily perfect<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>—was not in place, the infant's spontaneity was in danger of being encroached on by the need for compliance with the parents' wishes/expectations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> The result could be the creation of what Winnicott called the "false self", where "other people's expectations can become of overriding importance, overlaying or contradicting the original sense of self, the one connected to the very roots of one's being".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> The danger he saw was that "through this false self, the infant builds up a false set of relationships, and by means of <a href="/facts/Introjection/8DbImgID">introjections</a> even attains a show of being real",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> while, in fact, merely concealing a barren emptiness behind an independent-seeming façade.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
The danger was particularly acute when the baby had to provide attunement for the mother/parents, rather than vice versa, building up a sort of dissociated recognition of the object on an impersonal, not personal and spontaneous basis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> But while such a pathological false self stifled the spontaneous gestures of the true self in favour of a lifeless imitation, Winnicott nevertheless considered it of vital importance in preventing something worse: the annihilating experience of the exploitation of the hidden true self itself.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>

<h2 id="precursors">Precursors</h2>
<a href="/facts/Helene_Deutsch/ldosF2Uz">Helene Deutsch</a>, a colleague of <a href="/facts/Sigmund_Freud/KKIYbom9">Freud</a>, had previously described "as if" personalities, pseudo-relationships substituting for real ones.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> Winnicott's analyst, <a href="/facts/Joan_Riviere/VQJu8cmj">Joan Riviere</a>, had also explored the concept of the narcissist's masquerade, which is essentially a superficial assent concealing a subtle hidden struggle for control.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> Freud's own late theory of the ego as the product of identifications<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> came close to viewing it only as a false self;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> while Winnicott's true/false distinction has also been compared to <a href="/facts/Michael_Balint/3GVakLgw">Michael Balint</a>'s "basic fault" and to <a href="/facts/Ronald_Fairbairn/Tf6U02Yy">Ronald Fairbairn</a>'s notion of the "compromised ego".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>
<a href="/facts/Erich_Fromm/MedIu075">Erich Fromm</a>, in his 1941 book <a href="/facts/The_Fear_of_Freedom/NCMVkFqv">The Fear of Freedom</a> distinguished between original self and pseudo self—the inauthenticality of the latter being a way to escape the loneliness of freedom;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> while much earlier existentialists such as <a href="/facts/S%25C3%25B8ren_Kierkegaard/PXHdh7dt">Søren Kierkegaard</a> had claimed that "to will to be that self which one truly is, is indeed the opposite of despair"—the despair of choosing "to be another than himself".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
<a href="/facts/Karen_Horney/EwSzUBH8">Karen Horney</a>, in her 1950 book, <a href="/facts/Neurosis_and_Human_Growth/kqFwzR9H">Neurosis and Human Growth</a>, based her idea of "true self" and "false self" through the view of self-improvement, interpreting it as real self and ideal self, with the real self being what one currently is and the ideal self being what one could become.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> (See also <a href="/facts/Karen_Horney/EwSzUBH8">Karen Horney § Theory of the self</a>).

<h2 id="later-developments">Later developments</h2>
The second half of the twentieth century saw Winnicott's ideas extended and applied in a variety of contexts, both in psychoanalysis and beyond.

<h3>Kohut</h3>
Psychoanalyst <a href="/facts/Heinz_Kohut/usUjh9CD">Heinz Kohut</a> extended Winnicott's work in his investigation of narcissism,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> seeing narcissists as evolving a defensive armor around their damaged inner selves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> He considered it less pathological to identify with the damaged remnants of the self, than to achieve coherence through identification with an external personality at the cost of one's own autonomous creativity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>

<h3>Lowen</h3>
Psychotherapist <a href="/facts/Alexander_Lowen/ImCCoeGW">Alexander Lowen</a> identified narcissists as having a true and a false, or superficial, self. The false self rests on the surface, as the self presented to the world. It stands in contrast to the true self, which resides behind the facade or image. This true self is the feeling self, but for the narcissist the feeling self must be hidden and denied. Since the superficial self represents submission and <a href="/facts/Conformity/AHpHbocb">conformity</a>, the inner or true self is rebellious and angry. This underlying rebellion and anger can never be fully suppressed since it is an expression of the life force in that person. But because of the <a href="/facts/Denial/ocwhQm6V">denial</a>, it cannot be expressed directly. Instead it shows up in the narcissist's <a href="/facts/Acting_out/VNuQNFs3">acting out</a>. And it can become a perverse force.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>

<h3>Masterson</h3>
Psychiatrist <a href="/facts/James_F._Masterson/No5s7LVR">James F. Masterson</a> argued that all the <a href="/facts/Personality_disorders/SxFnlSEW">personality disorders</a> crucially involve the conflict between a person's two selves: the false self, which the very young child constructs to please the mother, and the true self. The psychotherapy of personality disorders is an attempt to put people back in touch with their real selves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>

<h3>Symington</h3>
<a href="/facts/Neville_Symington/danar63K">Neville Symington</a> developed Winnicott's contrast between true and false self to cover the sources of personal action, contrasting an autonomous and a discordant source of action – the latter drawn from the internalisation of external influences and pressures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> Thus for example parental dreams of self-glorification by way of their child's achievements can be internalised as an alien discordant source of action.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> Symington stressed however the intentional element in the individual's abandoning the autonomous self in favour of a false self or narcissistic mask – something he considered Winnicott to have overlooked.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>

<h3>Vaknin</h3>
As part of what has been described as a personal mission to raise the profile of the condition,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> psychology professor (and self-confessed narcissist) <a href="/facts/Sam_Vaknin/ruHCKww6">Sam Vaknin</a> has highlighted the role of the false self in narcissism. The false self replaces the narcissist's true self and is intended to shield him from hurt and <a href="/facts/Narcissistic_injury/6f2IWBkL">narcissistic injury</a> by self-imputing omnipotence. The narcissist pretends that his false self is real and demands that others affirm this <a href="/facts/Confabulation/5Kf04L4Y">confabulation</a>, meanwhile keeping his real imperfect true self under wraps.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a>
For Vaknin, the false self is by far more important to the narcissist than his dilapidated, dysfunctional true self; and he does not subscribe to the view that the true self can be resuscitated through therapy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>

<h3>Miller</h3>
Psychologist <a href="/facts/Alice_Miller_(psychologist)/1oXhd4pn">Alice Miller</a> cautiously warns that a child/patient may not have any formed true self, waiting behind the false self facade;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> and that as a result freeing the true self is not as simple as the Winnicottian image of the butterfly emerging from its cocoon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> If a true self can be developed, however, she considered that the empty <a href="/facts/Grandiosity/InAepKMt">grandiosity</a> of the false self could give way to a new sense of autonomous vitality.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a>

<h3>Orbach</h3>
Psychotherapist <a href="/facts/Susie_Orbach/KmwncRrQ">Susie Orbach</a> saw the false self as an overdevelopment (under parental pressure) of certain aspects of the self at the expense of other aspects – of the full potential of the self – producing thereby an abiding distrust of what emerges spontaneously from the individual himself or herself.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> Orbach went on to extend Winnicott's account of how environmental failure can lead to an inner splitting of mind and body,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> so as to cover the idea of the false body – falsified sense of one's own body.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> Orbach saw the female false body in particular as built upon identifications with others, at the cost of an inner sense of authenticity and reliability.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> Breaking up a monolithic but false body-sense in the process of therapy could allow for the emergence of a range of authentic (even if often painful) body feelings in the patient.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>

<h3>Jungian persona</h3>
<a href="/facts/Carl_Jung/k651RvXp">Jungians</a> have explored the overlap between Jung's concept of the <a href="/facts/Persona_(psychology)/bPGp4w10">persona</a> and Winnicott's false self;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> but, while noting similarities, consider that only the most rigidly defensive persona approximates to the pathological status of the false self.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>

<h3>Stern's tripartite self</h3>
Psychologist <a href="/facts/Daniel_Stern_(psychologist)/HPpzRwpL">Daniel Stern</a> considered Winnicott's sense of "going on being" as constitutive of the core, pre-verbal self.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> He also explored how language could be used to reinforce a false sense of self, leaving the true self linguistically opaque and disavowed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> He ended, however, by proposing a three-fold division of social, private, and of disavowed self.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>

<h2 id="criticisms">Criticisms</h2>
<a href="/facts/Neville_Symington/danar63K">Neville Symington</a> criticised Winnicott for failing to integrate his false self insight with the theory of <a href="/facts/Id%2c_ego%2c_and_super-ego/yxkQ1UJQ">ego and id</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> Similarly, continental analysts like <a href="/facts/Jean-Bertrand_Pontalis/3CMtH5HL">Jean-Bertrand Pontalis</a> have made use of true/false self as a clinical distinction, while having reservations about its theoretical status.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a>
The philosopher <a href="/facts/Michel_Foucault/rWu19rjx">Michel Foucault</a> took issue more broadly with the concept of a true self on the <a href="/facts/Anti-essentialism/37ILVlmm">anti-essentialist</a> grounds that the self was a construct – something one had to evolve through a process of subjectification, an aesthetics of self-formation, not something simply waiting to be uncovered:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> "we have to create ourselves as a work of art".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a>

<h2 id="literary-examples">Literary examples</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Emily_Bront%25C3%25AB/mVHxSy0T">Emily Brontë</a>'s <a href="/facts/Wuthering_Heights/HcLBDQlg">Wuthering Heights</a> has been interpreted in terms of the true self's struggle to break through the false self, and the social overlay that makes the false self socially acceptable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Sylvia_Plath/EThUabbj">Sylvia Plath</a>'s poetry has been interpreted in terms of the conflict of the true self and the false self.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a></li>
<li>In <a href="/facts/Joanne_Greenberg/71Sts6Sg">Joanne Greenberg</a>'s <a href="/facts/I_Never_Promised_You_a_Rose_Garden_(novel)/JmYE0cW5">I Never Promised You a Rose Garden</a>, the heroine sees her outward personality as a mere ghost of a semblance, behind which her true self hides more completely.</li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Alter_ego/Vyx9HPMv">Alter ego</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Anima_and_animus/A1Txsrpa">Anima and animus</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Authenticity_(philosophy)/3NKFAFks">Authenticity (philosophy)</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Bad_faith_(existentialism)/NxYQuIkW">Bad faith (existentialism)</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Character_mask/uNI3Ma9X">Character mask</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Crystallized_self/6zFkVFIQ">Crystallized self</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ego_death/UuU2H9cs">Ego death</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ego_ideal/JT69YUV6">Ego ideal</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Higher_self/7jqfYUWX">Higher self</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Honne_and_tatemae/nwEthXla">Honne and tatemae</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Hypocrisy/S8X1AIJI">Hypocrisy</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Impression_management/EKE7KXBF">Impression management</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Mask/83CleBp4">Mask</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Open_individualism/Tf34BWXl">Open individualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Parentification/rjMT9dNy">Parentification</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Persona/lMy54oWx">Persona</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Psyche_(psychology)/PI2cpEPT">Psyche (psychology)</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Psychology_of_self/b2fvRgrA">Psychology of self</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Religious_views_on_the_self/Dz72A4tS">Religious views on the self</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Self-actualization/EMhRR6BJ">Self-actualization</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Self-concealment/clpFWHNn">Self-concealment</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Self-love/crqdomyD">Self-love</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Self_psychology/M8NFeztu">Self psychology</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Superficial_charm/X0r95Tgn">Superficial charm</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Unthought_known/SjSx5p2Q">Unthought known</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Vertiginous_question/QzuB878h">Vertiginous question</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>D. W. Winnicott, Playing and Reality (London 1971)</li>
<li>Jan Abram and Knud Hjulmand, The Language of Winnicott: A Dictionary of Winnicott's Use of Words (London 2007)</li>
<li>Susie Orbach, 'Working with the False Body', in A. Erskine/D. Judd eds., The Imaginative Body (London 1993)</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.enotes.com/psychoanalysis-encyclopedia/self-true-false">Self (True/False)</a></li>
<li>The Wikiversity course Unmasking the True Self</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Winnicott, Donald (1960). "Ego distortion in terms of true and false self". The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Environment: Studies in the Theory of Emotional Development. New York City: International Universities Press, Inc: 140–57. ISBN 978-0946439843. {{cite journal}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) <a href="978-0946439843" target="_blank">978-0946439843</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Salman Akhtar, Good Feelings (London 2009) p. 128 <a href="/wiki/Salman_Akhtar" target="_blank">/wiki/Salman_Akhtar</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Winnicott, Donald (1960). "Ego distortion in terms of true and false self". The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Environment: Studies in the Theory of Emotional Development. New York City: International Universities Press, Inc: 140–57. ISBN 978-0946439843. {{cite journal}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) <a href="978-0946439843" target="_blank">978-0946439843</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Winnicott, Donald (1960). "Ego distortion in terms of true and false self". The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Environment: Studies in the Theory of Emotional Development. New York City: International Universities Press, Inc: 140–57. ISBN 978-0946439843. {{cite journal}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) <a href="978-0946439843" target="_blank">978-0946439843</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Jacobus, Mary (2005). The Poetics of Psychoanalysis. Oxford. p. 160. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Winnicott, Donald (1960). "Ego distortion in terms of true and false self". The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Environment: Studies in the Theory of Emotional Development. New York City: International Universities Press, Inc: 140–57. ISBN 978-0946439843. {{cite journal}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) <a href="978-0946439843" target="_blank">978-0946439843</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Grolnick, Simon (1990). The Work & Play of Winnicott. Aronson. p. 44. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Minsky, Rosalind (1996). Psychoanalysis and Gender. London. p. 118. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Klein, Josephine (1994). Our Need for Others. London. p. 241. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Klein, Josephine (1994). Our Need for Others. London. p. 365. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Minsky, Rosalind (1996). Psychoanalysis and Gender. London. pp. 119–20. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Phillips, Adam (1994). On Kissing, Tickling and Being Bored. London. pp. 30–31. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Jacobus, Mary (2005). The Poetics of Psychoanalysis. Oxford. p. 160. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (London 1946) p. 445 <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Mary Jacobus, The Poetics of Psychoanalysis: In the Wake of Klein (Oxford 2005) p. 37 <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Jacques Lacan, Ecrits: A Selection (London 1997) p. 128 <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Adam Phillips, Winnicott (Harvard 1988) p. 136 <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">J. H. Padel, "Freudianism: Later Developments", in Richard Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind (Oxford 1987) p. 273 <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Erich Fromm (1942), The Fear of Freedom (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul 2001) p. 175 <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Quoted in Carl Rogers, On Becoming a Person (1961) p. 110 <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" target="_blank">/wiki/Carl_Rogers</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Horney, Karen (1950). Neurosis and Human Growth. Norton. ISBN 0-393-00135-0. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) <a href="0-393-00135-0" target="_blank">0-393-00135-0</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Eugene M. DeRobertis, Humanizing Child Development Theories (2008), p. 38 <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Janet Malcolm, Psychoanalysis: The Impossible Profession (London 1988) p. 136 <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Heinz Kohut, How Does Analysis Cure? (London 1984), pp. 142, 167. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Lowen, Alexander. Narcissism: Denial of the true self. Simon & Schuster, 2004, 1984. <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Fox, Margalit (April 20, 2010). "Dr. James Masterson, expert on personality disorders; at 84". Boston.com – via The Boston Globe. <a href="http://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/obituaries/articles/2010/04/20/dr_james_masterson_expert_on_personality_disorders_at_84/" target="_blank">http://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/obituaries/articles/2010/04/20/dr_james_masterson_expert_on_personality_disorders_at_84/</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Neville Symington, Narcissism: A New Theory (London 2003) pp. 36, 115 <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Polly Young-Eisandrath, Women and Desire (London 2000) pp. 112, 198 <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Neville Symington, Narcissism: A New Theory (London 2003) p. 104 <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Simon Crompton, All about Me: Loving a Narcissist (London 2007) p. 7 <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Vaknin S The Dual Role of the Narcissist's False Self <a href="http://samvak.tripod.com/faq48.html" target="_blank">http://samvak.tripod.com/faq48.html</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Samuel Vaknin/Lidija Rangelovska Malignant Self-Love (2003) pp. 187–88 <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Alice Miller, The Drama of the Gifted Child (2004) p. 21 <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Janet Malcolm, Psychoanalysis: The Impossible Profession (London 1988) p. 135 <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Alice Miller, The Drama of Being a Child (2004) p. 45 <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Susie Orbach, Bodies (London 2009) p. 67 <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">D. W. Winnicott, Winnicott on the Child (2002) p. 76 <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Susie Orbach, The Impossibility of Sex (Penguin 1999) pp. 48, 216 <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Susie Orbach, in Lawrence Spurling ed., Winnicott Studies (1995) p. 6 <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Susie Orbach, Bodies (London 2009) pp. 67–72 <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Mario Jacoby, Shame and the Origins of Self-Esteem (1996) pp. 59–60 <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Polly Young-Eisendrath/James Albert Hall, Jung's Self Psychology (1991) p. 29 <a href="/wiki/Polly_Young-Eisendrath" target="_blank">/wiki/Polly_Young-Eisendrath</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Daniel Stern, The Interpersonal World of the Infant (1985) pp. 7, 93 <a href="/wiki/The_Interpersonal_World_of_the_Infant" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Interpersonal_World_of_the_Infant</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Daniel Stern, The Interpersonal World of the Infant (1985) p. 227 <a href="/wiki/The_Interpersonal_World_of_the_Infant" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Interpersonal_World_of_the_Infant</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Michael Jacobs, D. W. Winnicott (1995) p. 129 <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Neville Symington, Narcissism: A New Theory (London 2003) p. 97 <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">V. R. Sherwood/C. P. Cohen, Psychotherapy of the Quiet Borderline Patient (1994) p. 50 <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Paul Rabinov ed., The Foucault Reader (1991) p. 362 <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Quoted in Jon Simons ed. Contemporary Critical Theorists (2006) p. 196 <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">A. Schapiro, Barbara (1995). Literature and the Relational Self. p. 52. <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Kroll, Judith (1976). Chapters in a Mythology: The Poetry of Sylvia Plath. pp. 182–84. <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

True self and false self open-in-new

True self and false self