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Ate complex
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<h2 id="-ate-suffix">-ate suffix</h2> <p>The phrase <i>-ate</i> ion or ate ion can refer generically to many negatively charged <a href="/facts/Anion/wrbwhF3z">anions</a>. <i>-ate</i> compound or ate compound can refer to salts of the anions or esters of the functional groups. </p><p>Chemical terms ending in <i>-ate</i> (and <i>-ite</i>) generally refer to the negatively charged <a href="/facts/Anion/wrbwhF3z">anions</a>, neutral <a href="/facts/Radical_(chemistry)/qFymuVoT">radicals</a>, and covalently bonded <a href="/facts/Functional_group/GXkSPsjM">functional groups</a> that share the same chemical formulas (with different charges). For example, the <a href="/facts/Nitrate/5AnVlYnL">nitrate</a> anion, NO−3; the nitrate functional group that forms <a href="/facts/Nitrate_ester/4mSHBqaw">nitrate esters</a>, −NO3 or −ONO2; and the <a href="/facts/Nitrate_radical/6pcFUlCL">nitrate radical</a> or nitrogen trioxide, •NO3. </p><p>Most numerous are <a href="/facts/Oxyanion/0GuWXr6D">oxyanions</a> (<a href="/facts/Oxyacid/p0bMdwSx">oxyacids</a> that have <i>lost</i> one or more protons to <a href="/facts/Deprotonation/SmUSh369">deprotonation</a>) and the radicals and functional groups that share their names. </p><p>Oxyanions derived from inorganic acids include: </p> <ul><li>Fully deprotonated oxyanions, such as <a href="/facts/Borate/5XwkBTv1">borate</a>, <a href="/facts/Carbonate/FES1QHkN">carbonate</a>, <a href="/facts/Nitrate/5AnVlYnL">nitrate</a>, <a href="/facts/Cyanate/EcDWGQQh">cyanate</a>, <a href="/facts/Isocyanate/YYDoDBgp">isocyanate</a>, <a href="/facts/Thiocyanate/S438CJp8">thiocyanate</a>, <a href="/facts/Fulminate/EBlo8aXI">fulminate</a>, <a href="/facts/Aluminate/dRaFaNlM">aluminate</a>, <a href="/facts/Zincate/GazR5fbW">zincate</a>, <a href="/facts/Silicate/7NdthSRM">silicate</a>, <a href="/facts/Phosphate/FDGVCxUG">phosphate</a>, <a href="/facts/Sulfate/yuWVxsUf">sulfate</a> and other <a href="/facts/Sulfur_oxoacid/SGwAkb7A">sulfur oxoanions</a>, <a href="/facts/Chlorate/Ypne0mrY">chlorate</a>, <a href="/facts/Titanate/WtUlagD3">titanate</a>, <a href="/facts/Vanadate/hapXvTPr">vanadate</a>, <a href="/facts/Chromate_and_dichromate/6xkFLIJw">chromate</a>, <a href="/facts/Manganate/3Kr1qk0S">manganate</a>, <a href="/facts/Ferrate/PmqTPn7p">ferrate</a>, <a href="/facts/Percobaltate/eW7b2Bv5">percobaltate</a>, <a href="/facts/Oxonickelate/t0sPvW8e">nickelate</a>, <a href="/facts/Germanate/qU3SA92k">germanate</a>, <a href="/facts/Arsenate/IWco5TAH">arsenate</a>, <a href="/facts/Selenate/drzesLxu">selenate</a>, <a href="/facts/Bromate/UH4DoPFT">bromate</a>, <a href="/facts/Molybdate/YPvSY2jM">molybdate</a>, <a href="/facts/Pertechnate/pzkH0Sap">pertechnate</a>, <a href="/facts/Tetrapropylammonium_perruthenate/vsalG4I1">perruthenate</a>, <a href="/facts/Stannate/Dq0PxxjC">stannate</a>, <a href="/facts/Antimonate/WSKYrfDH">antimonate</a>, <a href="/facts/Tellurate/jnAvMCss">tellurate</a>, <a href="/facts/Iodate/n60p0YSa">iodate</a>, <a href="/facts/Perxenate/WkvCTVDH">perxenate</a>, <a href="/facts/Tungstate/ek9P92Tz">tungstate</a>, <a href="/facts/Plumbate/pvH8Mz2W">plumbate</a>, and <a href="/facts/Bismuthate/znSGlItd">bismuthate</a>.</li> <li>Partially deprotonated oxyanions, such as <a href="/facts/Bisulfate/yuWVxsUf">hydrogensulfate</a>, <a href="/facts/Hydrogenphosphate/FDGVCxUG">hydrogenphosphate</a>, and <a href="/facts/Dihydrogenphosphate/7m5IsbXt">dihydrogenphosphate</a>.</li></ul> <p>Oxyanions derived from organic acids include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Carboxylate/vEDekXRr">Carboxylate</a> ions such as <a href="/facts/Formate/Py3GhI7L">formate</a>, <a href="/facts/Acetate/U90VVczy">acetate</a>, <a href="/facts/Propionate/ugBEw0Ia">propionate</a>, <a href="/facts/Butyrate/Sy5NrhK5">butyrate</a>, <a href="/facts/Isobutyrate/MDlxRjwf">isobutyrate</a>, and <a href="/facts/Oxalate/u0Gdem0A">oxalate</a>, along with their sulfur analogs, the <a href="/facts/Thiocarboxylate/x9e73QKY">thiocarboxylate</a> ions, such as <a href="/facts/Thioacetic_acid/gAgpdGzY">thioacetate</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Phosphonate/8mg6nNRP">Phosphonate</a> and <a href="/facts/Sulfonate/ApbgQMXB">sulfonate</a> ions.</li> <li>Deprotonated <a href="/facts/Alcohols/Y0SCTDkh">alcohols</a> such as methanolate (<a href="/facts/Methoxide/fuXWJWFq">methoxide</a>) and ethanolate (<a href="/facts/Ethoxide/RqG0rm1v">ethoxide</a>), along with their sulfur analogs, the <a href="/facts/Thiolate/VemKEDP9">thiolates</a>.</li></ul> <p>A <a href="/facts/Lyate_ion/VFSnCJCr">lyate ion</a> is a generic solvent molecule that has become a negative ion by <i>loss</i> of one or more protons. </p><p>The <i>-ate</i> suffix also applies to negative <a href="/facts/Fluoroanion/zw70h3qn">fluoroanions</a>, <a href="/facts/Fluoride/LpqNMzwa">fluorides</a> which have <i>gained</i> one or more protons and twice as many electrons. <a href="/facts/Tetrafluoroborate/46EEToo6">Tetrafluoroborate</a>, BF−4, is <a href="/facts/Boron_trifluoride/2qa0NIH8">boron trifluoride</a>, BF3, which has gained one fluoride and two electrons. </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Advanced organic Chemistry, Reactions, mechanisms and structure 3ed. Jerry March ISBN 0-471-85472-7 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>G. Wittig (1958). "Komplexbildung und Reaktivität in der metallorganischen Chemie". Angewandte Chemie. 70 (3): 65–71. Bibcode:1958AngCh..70...65W. doi:10.1002/ange.19580700302. <a href="/wiki/Angewandte_Chemie" target="_blank">/wiki/Angewandte_Chemie</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Wittig, Georg (1966). "The role of ate complexes as reaction-determining intermediates". Quarterly Reviews, Chemical Society. 20 (2): 191–210. doi:10.1039/QR9662000191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions and mechanisms, Maya Shankar Singh, 2007, Dorling Kindersley, ISBN 978-81-317-1107-1 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>