Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
As-if rule
open-in-new
<p>For the <a href="/facts/Programming_language/cWTYbgWa">programming language</a> <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a>, the <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B_standard/Et0F2qn9">standard</a> allows <a href="/facts/Compiler/WNfCDFJe">compilers</a> to apply any <a href="/facts/Optimizing_compiler/JXnv4LUd">optimizing</a> transformation to a program during compiling, provided that such optimization makes no change in the "observable behavior" of the program, as specified in the standard. This mostly means that any actions the program performs on its environment occur in the specified order. This rule is commonly referred to as the as-if rule. </p><p>The rule has three main exceptions in which behavior-changing optimizations are permitted. The first is that programs exhibiting <a href="/facts/Undefined_behavior/awUm2vGd">undefined behavior</a> are exempt; since the observable behavior is not well-defined anyway, <i>any</i> transformation is valid. The other two exceptions concern the copying of <a href="/facts/Object_(computer_science)/eX99dtAw">objects</a>, and are called <a href="/facts/Copy_elision/W9aoK8bh">copy elision</a> and the <a href="/facts/Return_value_optimization/W9aoK8bh">return value optimization</a>. </p><p>The effect of the as-if rule depends on the specific compiler implementation. As an example, in the <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Visual_C%252B%252B/RM3sbYw5">Microsoft Visual C++</a> compiler, it causes omission of certain optimizations such as <a href="/facts/Instruction_reordering/5GuldkLY">instruction reordering</a> around calls to <a href="/facts/Library_(computing)/xRzL3P7q">library</a> functions, since such calls may cause <a href="/facts/Input%2foutput/WQTE8Jas">input/output</a> actions or accesses to memory locations marked <a href="/facts/Volatile_(computer_programming)/GLgsSNDB">volatile</a>, and changes in the order of those change observable behavior. </p><p>The as-if rule is not specific to C++. Many other <a href="/facts/Programming_language/cWTYbgWa">programming languages</a>, including <a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a>, <a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a>, <a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a>, <a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a>, etc. have a similar rule, to permit <a href="/facts/Optimizing_compiler/JXnv4LUd">optimization</a> (notably <a href="/facts/Inline_expansion/jhQsJwLX">inlining</a>). </p>