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Cyberpunk
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<p>Cyberpunk is a <a href="/facts/Subgenre/ow1Po53X">subgenre</a> of <a href="/facts/Science_fiction/d9hE2Lwt">science fiction</a> set in a <a href="/facts/Dystopia/c5dGl7Ap">dystopian</a> future, is characterized by its focus on a combination of "<a href="/facts/Low-life/MMjrMYoj">low-life</a> and <a href="/facts/High_tech/td2FYKeX">high tech</a>". It features a range of futuristic technological and scientific achievements, including <a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/facts/Cyberware/I4LlK5po">cyberware</a>, which are juxtaposed with <a href="/facts/Societal_collapse/mxDqMIyE">societal collapse</a>, dystopia or decay. A significant portion of cyberpunk can be traced back to the <a href="/facts/New_Wave_science_fiction/51LlPBak">New Wave science fiction</a> movement of the 1960s and 1970s. During this period, prominent writers such as <a href="/facts/Philip_K._Dick/9at9kt0N">Philip K. Dick</a>, <a href="/facts/Michael_Moorcock/w01y6Hkv">Michael Moorcock</a>, <a href="/facts/Roger_Zelazny/YVx1FLrp">Roger Zelazny</a>, <a href="/facts/John_Brunner_(novelist)/YWxILuX1">John Brunner</a>, <a href="/facts/J._G._Ballard/BMK6v8uQ">J. G. Ballard</a>, <a href="/facts/Philip_Jos%25C3%25A9_Farmer/9EbnPkhQ">Philip José Farmer</a> and <a href="/facts/Harlan_Ellison/8n5A0o13">Harlan Ellison</a> explored the impact of technology, <a href="/facts/Drug_culture/UwaBhmy1">drug culture</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Sexual_revolution/bvgA4CWk">sexual revolution</a>. These authors diverged from the <a href="/facts/Utopia/XWyF0zk4">utopian</a> inclinations prevalent in earlier science fiction. </p><p>Comics exploring cyberpunk themes began appearing as early as <a href="/facts/Judge_Dredd/AtqynU95">Judge Dredd</a>, first published in 1977. Released in 1984, <a href="/facts/William_Gibson/yyVXYSfb">William Gibson</a>'s influential <a href="/facts/Debut_novel/fIsDgT8w">debut novel</a> <i><a href="/facts/Neuromancer/J8ITMhBP">Neuromancer</a></i> helped solidify cyberpunk as a genre, drawing influence from <a href="/facts/Punk_subculture/9uvx1TVB">punk subculture</a> and early <a href="/facts/Hacker_culture/8ww6P79y">hacker culture</a>. <a href="/facts/Frank_Miller/xqLtUBIo">Frank Miller</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Ronin_(DC_Comics)/kpxUsowm">Ronin</a></i> is an example of a cyberpunk graphic novel. Other influential cyberpunk writers included <a href="/facts/Bruce_Sterling/cTrHhRnn">Bruce Sterling</a> and <a href="/facts/Rudy_Rucker/9MuVKepS">Rudy Rucker</a>. The <a href="/facts/Japanese_cyberpunk/RplKlG6F">Japanese cyberpunk</a> subgenre began in 1982 with the debut of <a href="/facts/Katsuhiro_Otomo/epsUW0u7">Katsuhiro Otomo</a>'s <a href="/facts/Manga/DPkkyHos">manga</a> series <i><a href="/facts/Akira_(manga)/7DTPq0Mm">Akira</a></i>, with its <a href="/facts/Akira_(1988_film)/yNFk0oxl">1988 anime film adaptation</a> (also directed by Otomo) later popularizing the subgenre. </p><p>Early films in the genre include <a href="/facts/Ridley_Scott/cop0oqMc">Ridley Scott</a>'s 1982 film <i><a href="/facts/Blade_Runner/Fycnw6Lu">Blade Runner</a></i>, one of several of Philip K. Dick's works that have been adapted into films (in this case, <i><a href="/facts/Do_Androids_Dream_of_Electric_Sheep%253F/uRmIjJjl">Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?</a></i>). The "first cyberpunk television series" was the TV series <i><a href="/facts/Max_Headroom_(TV_series)/BeIflItW">Max Headroom</a></i> from 1987, playing in a futuristic dystopia ruled by an oligarchy of television networks, and where computer hacking played a central role in many story lines. The films <i><a href="/facts/Johnny_Mnemonic_(film)/z1xd0A2F">Johnny Mnemonic</a></i> (1995) and <i><a href="/facts/New_Rose_Hotel_(film)/H6DAGwQs">New Rose Hotel</a></i> (1998), both based upon short stories by William Gibson, flopped commercially and critically, while <a href="/facts/The_Matrix_(franchise)/YVA5Tum1"><i>The Matrix</i> trilogy</a> (1999–2003) and <i><a href="/facts/Judge_Dredd_(film)/heAksKU0">Judge Dredd</a></i> (1995) were some of the most successful cyberpunk films. </p><p>Newer cyberpunk media includes <i><a href="/facts/Blade_Runner_2049/3GHB8uK4">Blade Runner 2049</a></i> (2017), a sequel to the original 1982 film; <i><a href="/facts/Dredd/WaHnanCI">Dredd</a></i> (2012), which was not a sequel to the original movie; <i><a href="/facts/Ghost_in_the_Shell_(2017_film)/SISCw6uz">Ghost in the Shell</a></i> (2017), a live-action adaptation of <a href="/facts/Ghost_in_the_Shell_(manga)/XY3jNwzf">the original manga</a>; <i><a href="/facts/Alita%3a_Battle_Angel/9XqBe0go">Alita: Battle Angel</a></i> (2019), based on the 1990s Japanese manga <i><a href="/facts/Battle_Angel_Alita/6BysnTsv">Battle Angel Alita</a></i>; the 2018 <a href="/facts/Netflix/TKtlFVY9">Netflix</a> TV series <i><a href="/facts/Altered_Carbon_(TV_series)/fskzcg8B">Altered Carbon</a></i>, based on <a href="/facts/Richard_K._Morgan/g8xYH6Ev">Richard K. Morgan</a>'s <a href="/facts/Altered_Carbon/WJVcmdzA">2002 novel of the same name</a>; and the video game <i><a href="/facts/Cyberpunk_2077/j7ND4qao">Cyberpunk 2077</a></i> (2020) and <a href="/facts/Original_net_animation/9XjMNPtd">original net animation</a> (ONA) <a href="/facts/Miniseries/J7KVThLr">miniseries</a> <i><a href="/facts/Cyberpunk%3a_Edgerunners/j7ND4qao">Cyberpunk: Edgerunners</a></i> (2022), both based on <a href="/facts/R._Talsorian_Games/4WDARjz7">R. Talsorian Games</a>'s 1988 tabletop role-playing game <i><a href="/facts/Cyberpunk_(role-playing_game)/L9XXCcvG">Cyberpunk</a></i>. </p>