High Seas Fleet

The High Seas Fleet was the battle fleet of the <a href="/facts/German_Empire/lwQutJyN">German</a> <a href="/facts/Imperial_German_Navy/wNhU6Hlo">Imperial Navy</a> and saw action during the <a href="/facts/First_World_War/vITTUanQ">First World War</a>. In February 1907, the Home Fleet (Heimatflotte) was renamed the High Seas Fleet. <a href="/facts/Admiral/yVklo91m">Admiral</a> <a href="/facts/Alfred_von_Tirpitz/UuDgd8Mc">Alfred von Tirpitz</a> was the architect of the fleet; he envisioned a force powerful enough to challenge the <a href="/facts/Royal_Navy/Xdy8YCH7">Royal Navy</a>. <a href="/facts/Kaiser_Wilhelm_II/pG9lIa9K">Kaiser Wilhelm II</a>, the German Emperor, championed the fleet as the instrument by which he would seize overseas possessions and make Germany a global power. By concentrating a powerful battle fleet in the North Sea while the Royal Navy was required to disperse its forces around the <a href="/facts/British_Empire/hrsz0j7A">British Empire</a>, Tirpitz believed Germany could achieve a balance of force that could seriously damage British naval hegemony. This was the heart of Tirpitz's "Risk Theory", which held that Britain would not challenge Germany if the latter's fleet posed such a significant threat to its own.
The primary component of the Fleet was its <a href="/facts/Battleship/PjjTspo5">battleships</a>, typically organized in eight-ship squadrons, though it also contained various other formations, including the <a href="/facts/I_Scouting_Group/bqVDcPeL">I Scouting Group</a>. At its creation in 1907, the High Seas Fleet consisted of two squadrons of battleships, and by 1914, a third squadron had been added. The <a href="/facts/Dreadnought/Sf8jhx0s">dreadnought</a> revolution in 1906 greatly affected the composition of the fleet; the twenty-four <a href="/facts/Pre-dreadnought/64thJkqU">pre-dreadnoughts</a> in the fleet were rendered obsolete and required replacement. Enough dreadnoughts for two full squadrons were completed by the outbreak of war in mid-1914; the eight most modern pre-dreadnoughts were used to constitute a third squadron. Two additional squadrons of older vessels were mobilized but later disbanded.
The fleet conducted a series of sorties into the <a href="/facts/North_Sea/htGJNmsb">North Sea</a> during the war, designed to lure out an isolated portion of the numerically superior British <a href="/facts/Grand_Fleet/dFajnjQA">Grand Fleet</a>. These operations frequently used the fast <a href="/facts/Battlecruiser/jMqN0GHa">battlecruisers</a> of the I Scouting Group to raid the British coast as the bait for the Royal Navy. These operations culminated in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Jutland/TMpDt8xn">Battle of Jutland</a>, on 31 May – 1 June 1916, where the High Seas Fleet confronted the whole of the Grand Fleet. The battle was inconclusive but it was a strategic victory for the British as it convinced Admiral <a href="/facts/Reinhard_Scheer/qvMIAMcN">Reinhard Scheer</a>, the German fleet commander, that even a highly favorable outcome to a fleet action would not secure German victory in the war. Scheer and other senior admirals advised the Kaiser to order a resumption of the <a href="/facts/U-boat_Campaign_(World_War_I)/2Ifsfslj">unrestricted submarine warfare</a> campaign. The primary responsibility of the High Seas Fleet in 1917 and 1918 was to secure the German naval bases in the North Sea for <a href="/facts/U-boat/GgjbMzMT">U-boat</a> operations. The fleet continued to conduct sorties into the North Sea and detached units for special operations in the <a href="/facts/Baltic_Sea/jbQJGLQX">Baltic Sea</a> against the Russian <a href="/facts/Baltic_Fleet/F113t9E2">Baltic Fleet</a>. Following the German defeat in November 1918, the Allies interned the bulk of the High Seas Fleet in <a href="/facts/Scapa_Flow/PBDsXQmA">Scapa Flow</a>, where it was ultimately <a href="/facts/Scuttling_of_the_German_fleet_at_Scapa_Flow/pSs8429M">scuttled in June 1919</a>, days before the belligerents signed the <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Versailles/BsNmjaqV">Treaty of Versailles</a>.

High Seas Fleet open-in-new

High Seas Fleet