Selective androgen receptor modulator

Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are a class of drugs that <a href="/facts/Tissue_selectivity/bHfzm7lA">selectively</a> activate the <a href="/facts/Androgen_receptor/NBPRszqm">androgen receptor</a> in specific <a href="/facts/Tissue_(biology)/H7CpML7A">tissues</a>, promoting <a href="/facts/Muscle/dmxrL8pH">muscle</a> and <a href="/facts/Bone/kwJaR6IQ">bone</a> growth while having less effect on <a href="/facts/Male_reproductive_system/uqrSCfEk">male reproductive tissues</a> like the <a href="/facts/Prostate_gland/mrBdSsf7">prostate gland</a>.
Non-selective <a href="/facts/Steroidal/4AhMbgXt">steroidal</a> drugs, called <a href="/facts/Anabolic_androgenic_steroids/f9KAXfTF">anabolic androgenic steroids</a> (AAS), have been used for various medical purposes, but their side effects limit their use. In 1998, researchers discovered a new class of non-steroidal compounds, the SARMs. These compounds selectively stimulate the androgen receptor, offering potent effects on bone and muscle to increase bone density and lean body mass while having minimal impact on reproductive tissues.
SARMs have been investigated in human studies for the treatment of <a href="/facts/Osteoporosis/xa1W00Tj">osteoporosis</a>, <a href="/facts/Cachexia/S8wYz0mm">cachexia</a> (wasting syndrome), <a href="/facts/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia/ocGSCVK9">benign prostatic hyperplasia</a>, <a href="/facts/Stress_urinary_incontinence/ccyDyFPz">stress urinary incontinence</a>, and <a href="/facts/Breast_cancer/6hME580v">breast cancer</a>. As of 2023, there are no SARMs which have been approved by the United States <a href="/facts/Food_and_Drug_Administration/rCEnh9WB">Food and Drug Administration</a> or the <a href="/facts/European_Medicines_Agency/h9FTtCYc">European Medicines Agency</a>. Although adverse effects in clinical studies have been infrequent and mild, SARMs can cause <a href="/facts/Elevated_liver_enzymes/WLS4kysN">elevated liver enzymes</a>, reduction of <a href="/facts/HDL_cholesterol/x7cs1ys9">HDL cholesterol</a> levels, and <a href="/facts/Hypothalamic%25E2%2580%2593pituitary%25E2%2580%2593gonadal_axis/0G9ALlpQ">hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis</a> (HPG axis) suppression, among other side effects.
Since the early twenty-first century, SARMs have been used in <a href="/facts/Doping_in_sport/h776s7YA">doping</a>; they were banned by the <a href="/facts/World_Anti-Doping_Agency/z1KV3bhB">World Anti-Doping Agency</a> in 2008. SARMs are readily available on internet-based <a href="/facts/Gray_markets/X6z7J0gS">gray markets</a> and are commonly used recreationally to stimulate muscle growth.

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Selective androgen receptor modulator