The National Question and Autonomy is an article by Rosa Luxemburg, one of five originally published in 1908–1909 in Przegląd Socjaldemokratyczny (Social Democratic Review) in Kraków. The collection included "The Polish Question at the International Congress in London"; "Foreword to the Anthology The Polish Question and the Socialist Movement"; "The National Question and Autonomy"; "There Can Be No Self-Determination Under Capitalism"; and "The Nationalities Question in the Russian Revolution."
In discussing the national question Luxemburg was particularly interested in her native Poland, though she drew on general arguments about capitalist development and its implications for national movements everywhere. Her position on proletarian internationalism has been described as “national nihilism” and “international proletariat fundamentalism”.