Pelagic zone

The pelagic zone consists of the <a href="/facts/Water_column/RNQbAVJj">water column</a> of the open ocean and can be further divided into regions by depth. The word pelagic is derived from <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek_language/LIK7NlUh">Ancient Greek</a> πέλαγος (pélagos) 'open sea'. The pelagic zone can be thought of as an imaginary cylinder or water column between the surface of the sea and the bottom. Conditions in the water column change with depth: pressure increases; temperature and light decrease; salinity, oxygen, micronutrients (such as iron, magnesium and calcium) all change. In a manner analogous to <a href="/facts/Atmosphere_of_Earth/FV97Am25">stratification in the Earth's atmosphere</a>, the water column can be divided vertically into up to five different layers (illustrated in the diagram), with the number of layers depending on the depth of the water.
<a href="/facts/Marine_life/TF5MGzFb">Marine life</a> is affected by <a href="/facts/Bathymetry/vnYgY6qK">bathymetry</a> (underwater topography) such as the seafloor, shoreline, or a submarine <a href="/facts/Seamount/jR3XQv2E">seamount</a>, as well as by proximity to the boundary between the ocean and the atmosphere at the ocean surface, which brings light for photosynthesis, predation from above, and wind stirring up waves and setting currents in motion. The pelagic zone refers to the open, free waters away from the shore, where marine life can swim freely in any direction unhindered by <a href="/facts/Topographical/SS8Bx4t9">topographical</a> constraints.
The <a href="/facts/Oceanic_zone/H1qkG837">oceanic zone</a> is the deep open ocean beyond the <a href="/facts/Continental_shelf/dpgHAR4U">continental shelf</a>, which contrasts with the inshore waters near the <a href="/facts/Coast/RBD0wxn3">coast</a>, such as in <a href="/facts/Estuaries/WmkSInmK">estuaries</a> or on the continental shelf. Waters in the oceanic zone plunge to the depths of the <a href="/facts/Abyssopelagic/ec5YEkse">abyssopelagic</a> and further to the <a href="/facts/Hadopelagic/QXaG9bH2">hadopelagic</a>. Coastal waters are generally the relatively shallow epipelagic. Altogether, the pelagic zone occupies 1,330 million km3 (320 million mi3) with a mean depth of 3.68 km (2.29 mi) and maximum depth of 11 km (6.8 mi). Pelagic life decreases as depth increases. 
The pelagic zone contrasts with the <a href="/facts/Benthic_zone/N3lM6P7I">benthic</a> and <a href="/facts/Demersal_zone/2pl4hAB5">demersal</a> zones at the bottom of the sea. The benthic zone is the ecological region at the very bottom, including the sediment surface and some subsurface layers. Marine organisms such as <a href="/facts/Clam/5BB6vVl7">clams</a> and <a href="/facts/Crab/GvkhXnSK">crabs</a> living in this zone are called <a href="/facts/Benthos/DeHzh0sN">benthos</a>. Just above the benthic zone is the demersal zone. <a href="/facts/Demersal_fish/WqoGaBHp">Demersal fish</a> can be divided into <a href="/facts/Demersal_fish/WqoGaBHp">benthic fish</a>, which are denser than water and rest on the bottom, and <a href="/facts/Demersal_fish/WqoGaBHp">benthopelagic fish</a>, which swim just above the bottom. Demersal fish are also known as <a href="/facts/Bottom_feeder/87emcQuq">bottom feeders</a> and <a href="/facts/Groundfish/WqoGaBHp">groundfish</a>.

Pelagic zone open-in-new

Pelagic zone