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Reference.org
Judicial panel
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<p>A judicial panel is a set of judges who sit together to hear a <a href="/facts/Cause_of_action/9bjtMseG">cause of action</a>, most frequently an appeal from a ruling of a <a href="/facts/Trial_court/J959zCGl">trial court</a> <a href="/facts/Judge/2MgrCxc1">judge</a>. Panels are used in contrast to single-judge appeals, and <i><a href="/facts/En_banc/5R5JY87I">en banc</a></i> hearings, which involves all of the judges of that court. Most national <a href="/facts/Supreme_court/fBeVqM3u">supreme courts</a> sit as panels. In addition, in many countries of the <a href="/facts/Civil_law_tradition/R878oQ6V">civil law tradition</a>, trial courts are also constituted as judicial panels. </p>