German nuclear program during World War II

<a href="/facts/Nazi_Germany/8kRbqRpo">Nazi Germany</a> undertook several research programs relating to <a href="/facts/Nuclear_technology/lQvzhH3g">nuclear technology</a>, including <a href="/facts/Nuclear_weapons/QVdBcMdm">nuclear weapons</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_reactors/8xqjIbge">nuclear reactors</a>, before and during <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a>. These were variously called Uranverein (Uranium Society) or Uranprojekt (Uranium Project). The first effort started in April 1939, just months after the <a href="/facts/Discovery_of_nuclear_fission/5y87GGpg">discovery of nuclear fission</a> in Berlin in December 1938, but ended only a few months later, shortly ahead of the September 1939 <a href="/facts/Invasion_of_Poland/8kconR1e">German invasion of Poland</a>, for which many notable German physicists were drafted into the <a href="/facts/Wehrmacht/cVGQH8JW">Wehrmacht</a>. A second effort under the administrative purview of the Wehrmacht's <a href="/facts/Waffenamt/3QIlWRIl">Heereswaffenamt</a> began on September 1, 1939, the day of the invasion of Poland. The program eventually expanded into three main efforts: Uranmaschine (<a href="/facts/Nuclear_reactor/8xqjIbge">nuclear reactor</a>) development, uranium and <a href="/facts/Heavy_water/3dbSrTw5">heavy water</a> production, and uranium <a href="/facts/Isotope_separation/07rvF6NA">isotope separation</a>. Eventually, the German military determined that nuclear fission would not contribute significantly to the war, and in January 1942 the Heereswaffenamt turned the program over to the Reich Research Council (<a href="/facts/Reichsforschungsrat/feKIFgQP">Reichsforschungsrat</a>) while continuing to fund the activity.
The program was split up among nine major institutes where the directors dominated research and set their own objectives. Subsequently, the number of scientists working on applied nuclear fission began to diminish as many researchers applied their talents to more pressing wartime demands. The most influential people in the Uranverein included <a href="/facts/Kurt_Diebner/AJYtQ9HB">Kurt Diebner</a>, <a href="/facts/Abraham_Esau/7hxAjVho">Abraham Esau</a>, <a href="/facts/Walther_Gerlach/qEjsbn0c">Walther Gerlach</a>, and <a href="/facts/Erich_Schumann/UeXybggC">Erich Schumann</a>. Schumann was one of the most powerful and influential physicists in Germany. Diebner, throughout the life of the nuclear weapon project, had more control over nuclear fission research than did <a href="/facts/Walther_Bothe/sUnzEYxY">Walther Bothe</a>, <a href="/facts/Klaus_Clusius/x0g5PyYr">Klaus Clusius</a>, <a href="/facts/Otto_Hahn/7alx1Db7">Otto Hahn</a>, <a href="/facts/Paul_Harteck/Cp7eMqtk">Paul Harteck</a>, or <a href="/facts/Werner_Heisenberg/n4qzYvj4">Werner Heisenberg</a>. Esau was appointed as <a href="/facts/Reichsmarschall/Dr6lJhFb">Reichsmarschall</a> <a href="/facts/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring/IvYCDBuy">Hermann Göring</a>'s <a href="/facts/Plenipotentiary/ftCPbehu">plenipotentiary</a> for <a href="/facts/Nuclear_physics/fzQbt1aF">nuclear physics</a> research in December 1942, and was succeeded by Walther Gerlach after he resigned in December 1943.
Politicization of German <a href="/facts/Academia/Q1cenQyr">academia</a> under the <a href="/facts/Nazism/JjsMI4lE">Nazi</a> regime of 1933–1945 had driven many physicists, engineers, and mathematicians out of Germany as early as 1933. Those of <a href="/facts/Jewish/T9Y4wE6A">Jewish</a> heritage who did not leave were quickly purged, further thinning the ranks of researchers. The politicization of the universities, along with <a href="/facts/Wehrmacht/cVGQH8JW">German armed forces</a> demands for more manpower (many scientists and technical personnel were conscripted, despite possessing technical and engineering skills), substantially reduced the number of able German physicists.
Developments took place in several phases, but in the words of historian Mark Walker, it ultimately became "frozen at the laboratory level" with the "modest goal" to "build a nuclear reactor which could sustain a <a href="/facts/Nuclear_fission/LfkIylvm">nuclear fission</a> chain reaction for a significant amount of time and to achieve the complete separation of at least tiny amounts of the uranium isotopes". The scholarly consensus is that it failed to achieve these goals, and that despite fears at the time, the Germans had never been close to producing nuclear weapons. With the war in Europe ending in the spring of 1945, various <a href="/facts/Allies_of_World_War_II/YzCdtjDY">Allied powers</a> competed with each other to obtain surviving components of the German nuclear industry (personnel, facilities, and <a href="/facts/Materiel/MekgWW9W">materiel</a>), as they did with the pioneering <a href="/facts/V-2_rocket/8WHk8jsw">V-2</a> <a href="/facts/SRBM/EIosQMpz">SRBM</a> program.

German nuclear program during World War II open-in-new

German nuclear program during World War II