The iOS operating system utilizes many security features in both hardware and software. These include a secure boot chain, biometric authentication (Face ID and Touch ID), data encryption, app sandboxing, and the Secure Enclave—a dedicated coprocessor for sensitive data. iOS also employs memory protection techniques like address space layout randomization (ASLR) and non-executable memory, and includes features like App Transport Security and two-factor authentication to enhance user privacy. Apple's ecosystem further ensures app integrity through code signing and App Store policies, although some controversies have arisen around enterprise certificate misuse and emerging threats like malicious apps slipping past vetting processes.