Jöns Jacob Berzelius

<a href="/facts/Baron/XWpCggvM">Baron</a> Jöns Jacob Berzelius (Swedish: [jœns ˈjɑ̌ːkɔb bæˈʂěːlɪɵs]; 20 August 1779 – 7 August 1848) was a Swedish chemist. In general, he is considered the last person to know the whole field of chemistry. Berzelius is considered, along with <a href="/facts/Robert_Boyle/6tUs448C">Robert Boyle</a>, <a href="/facts/John_Dalton/oS8grQR4">John Dalton</a>, and <a href="/facts/Antoine_Lavoisier/UheVQrhu">Antoine Lavoisier</a>, to be one of the founders of modern <a href="/facts/Chemistry/SrNqkGVm">chemistry</a>. Berzelius became a member of the <a href="/facts/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences/QazgtP1n">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a> in 1808 and served from 1818 as its principal functionary. He is known in Sweden as the "Father of Swedish Chemistry". During his lifetime he did not customarily use his first given name, and was universally known simply as Jacob Berzelius.
Although Berzelius began his career as a <a href="/facts/Physician/qJ3woFvG">physician</a>, his enduring contributions were in the fields of <a href="/facts/Electrochemistry/C0RUWpBH">electrochemistry</a>, <a href="/facts/Chemical_bonding/ArNUMnIB">chemical bonding</a> and <a href="/facts/Stoichiometry/I5p9cJzV">stoichiometry</a>. In particular, he is noted for his determination of atomic weights and his experiments that led to a more complete understanding of the principles of stoichiometry, which is the branch of chemistry pertaining to the quantitative relationships between elements in chemical compounds and chemical reactions and that these occur in definite proportions. This understanding came to be known as the <a href="/facts/Law_of_constant_proportions/spaNgzcc">"Law of Constant Proportions"</a>.
Berzelius was a strict <a href="/facts/Empiricism/f68IpCeE">empiricist</a>, expecting that any new theory must be consistent with the sum of contemporary chemical knowledge. He developed improved methods of chemical analysis, which were required to develop the basic data in support of his work on stoichiometry. He investigated <a href="/facts/Isomerism/PXlvDVdg">isomerism</a>, <a href="/facts/Allotropy/2WUdHWxg">allotropy</a>, and <a href="/facts/Catalysis/LPBS7TQC">catalysis</a>, phenomena that owe their names to him. Berzelius was among the first to articulate the differences between <a href="/facts/Inorganic_compounds/TfFfzxSz">inorganic compounds</a> and <a href="/facts/Organic_compounds/gqCNaN45">organic compounds</a>. Among the many minerals and elements he studied, he is credited with discovering <a href="/facts/Cerium/a7UjMBQ6">cerium</a> and <a href="/facts/Selenium/k975NApC">selenium</a>, and with being the first to isolate <a href="/facts/Silicon/cgWx0hdr">silicon</a> and <a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">thorium</a>. Following on his interest in <a href="/facts/Mineralogy/MeIK9lx9">mineralogy</a>, Berzelius synthesized and chemically characterized new compounds of these and other elements.
Berzelius demonstrated the use of an <a href="/facts/Electrochemical_cell/o7oEnYVl">electrochemical cell</a> to decompose certain chemical compounds into pairs of electrically opposite constituents. From this research, he articulated a theory that came to be known as <a href="/facts/Electrochemical_dualism/lUnXgUE3">electrochemical dualism</a>, contending that chemical compounds are oxide salts, bonded together by <a href="/facts/Electrostatic_interactions/bxkuW6s4">electrostatic interactions</a>. This theory, while useful in some contexts, came to be seen as insufficient. Berzelius's work with <a href="/facts/Atomic_weights/A3vbuz2n">atomic weights</a> and his theory of electrochemical dualism led to his development of a modern system of <a href="/facts/Chemical_formula/hghUtthl">chemical formula notation</a> that showed the composition of any compound both qualitatively and quantitatively. His system abbreviated the Latin names of the elements with one or two letters and applied <a href="/facts/Superscripts/6tExBnkw">superscripts</a> to designate the number of atoms of each element present in the compound. Later, chemists changed to use of subscripts rather than superscripts.

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Jöns Jacob Berzelius