The first description of multiple-prism arrays, and multiple-prism dispersion, was given by Isaac Newton in his book Opticks, also introducing prisms as beam expanders. Prism pair expanders were introduced by David Brewster in 1813. A modern mathematical description of the single-prism dispersion was given by Max Born and Emil Wolf in 1959. The generalized multiple-prism dispersion theory was introduced by F. J. Duarte and Piper in 1982.