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Reference.org
Mandelbaum effect
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<p>The Mandelbaum effect is the tendency for the eye to focus nearby in conditions of poor visibility. It was first codified by J. Mandelbaum in 1960. Because dirty glass can aggravate the effect, potentially causing a <a href="/facts/Aviator/SJaN1UAJ">pilot</a> or driver to miss seeing an obstacle or hazard, it is a strong safety argument for keeping windows clean. </p>