Burkholderia pseudomallei

Burkholderia pseudomallei (also known as Pseudomonas pseudomallei) is a <a href="/facts/Gram-negative/S1PbVtp4">Gram-negative</a>, bipolar, <a href="/facts/Aerobic_organism/a629EQD7">aerobic</a>, <a href="/facts/Motile/Df5BECHL">motile</a> rod-shaped <a href="/facts/Bacterium/wC8xSCsU">bacterium</a>. It is a soil-dwelling bacterium endemic in <a href="/facts/Tropics/Iv1es8Ih">tropical</a> and <a href="/facts/Subtropics/gK0KyFUD">subtropical</a> regions worldwide, particularly in Thailand and northern Australia. It was reported in 2008 that there had been an expansion of the affected regions due to significant natural disasters, and it could be found in Southern China, Hong Kong, and countries in the Americas. B. pseudomallei, amongst other pathogens, has been found in monkeys imported into the United States from Asia for <a href="/facts/Animal_testing/mHMf98y8">laboratory use</a>, posing a risk that the pathogen could be introduced into the country.
Although it is mainly a soil-dwelling bacterium, one study showed that Burkholderia pseudomallei survived in distilled water for 16 years, demonstrating that it is capable of living in water if a specific environment is provided. It is resistant to a variety of harsh conditions including nutrient deficiency, extreme temperature or pH. It infects humans, causing the disease <a href="/facts/Melioidosis/xIreEpm4">melioidosis</a>; mortality is 20–50% even with treatment. The <a href="/facts/CDC/EAsbo0ws">CDC</a> classifies it as a "Tier 1 select agent" with potential as a <a href="/facts/Bioterrorism/YW2rmVls">bioterrorism</a> agent. It infects other animals, most commonly livestock such as goats, pigs, and sheep, less frequently. It is also capable of infecting plants in a laboratory setting.
Burkholderia pseudomallei measures 2–5 μm in length and 0.4–0.8 μm in diameter and is capable of self-propulsion using <a href="/facts/Flagella/nvQRcbgJ">flagella</a>. The bacteria can grow in a number of artificial nutrient environments, especially <a href="/facts/Betaine/3sG11tpp">betaine</a>- and <a href="/facts/Arginine/y49Hdf1e">arginine</a>-containing ones.
<a href="/facts/In_vitro/evp3hAX6">In vitro</a>, optimal proliferation temperature is reported around 40 °C in neutral or slightly acidic environments (<a href="/facts/PH/RnSv8D7y">pH</a> 6.8–7.0). The majority of strains are capable of oxidation, not fermentation, of <a href="/facts/Sugar/jb5KXRHT">sugars</a> without gas formation (most importantly, <a href="/facts/Glucose/oUSkoLCD">glucose</a> and <a href="/facts/Galactose/sh2hEFpC">galactose</a>; older cultures are reported to also metabolize <a href="/facts/Maltose/v43CVtaU">maltose</a> and <a href="/facts/Starch/gHAqGfJb">starch</a>). Bacteria produce both <a href="/facts/Exotoxin/j18H60P0">exo-</a> and <a href="/facts/Endotoxin/Ch967TXw">endotoxins</a>. The role of the toxins identified in the process of melioidosis symptom development has not been fully elucidated.

Burkholderia pseudomallei open-in-new

Burkholderia pseudomallei