First Battle of the Jordan

The First Transjordan attack on Amman (known to the British as the First Attack on Amman) and to their enemy as the First Battle of the Jordan took place between 21 March and 2 April 1918, as a consequence of the successful <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Tell_%2527Asur/MzUl7e3n">Battle of Tell 'Asur</a> which occurred after the <a href="/facts/Capture_of_Jericho/bH3rH0eA">Capture of Jericho</a> in February and the <a href="/facts/Occupation_of_the_Jordan_Valley/AnNelLhe">Occupation of the Jordan Valley</a> began, during the <a href="/facts/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign/sXxMkGFQ">Sinai and Palestine Campaign</a> of World War I. During the First Transjordan attack large incursions into Ottoman territory occurred. Firstly the Passage of the <a href="/facts/Jordan_River/dRFFQcxV">Jordan River</a>, was successfully captured between 21 and 23 March, followed by the first occupation of <a href="/facts/Salt%2c_Jordan/ErbqYl1W">Es Salt</a> in the hills of <a href="/facts/Moab/h3DTISJ5">Moab</a> between 24 and 25 March. The <a href="/facts/First_Battle_of_Amman/LzBc6GIq">First Battle of Amman</a> took place between 27 and 31 March when the <a href="/facts/Anzac_Mounted_Division/r9hoIqvc">Anzac Mounted Division</a> and the <a href="/facts/Imperial_Camel_Corps_Brigade/DVDvFqrQ">Imperial Camel Corps Brigade</a> (fighting dismounted as infantry) were reinforced by two battalions of 181st Brigade followed by a second two battalions from the 180th Brigade (<a href="/facts/60th_London_Division/41deQu51">60th London Division</a>) and artillery. The <a href="/facts/Fourth_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)/8YCRyB2P">Fourth Army</a> headquarters located in Amman was strongly garrisoned and during the battle received reinforcements on the <a href="/facts/Hejaz_railway/WBvuWVrI">Hejaz railway</a>, the strength of which eventually forced the attacking force to retire back to the Jordan Valley between 31 March and 2 April. The <a href="/facts/Jordan_Rift_Valley/3vMk3Thv">Jordan Valley</a> would <a href="/facts/Occupation_of_the_Jordan_Valley/AnNelLhe">continue to be occupied</a> by the <a href="/facts/Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force/oSUBfMBR">Egyptian Expeditionary Force</a> (EEF) through the summer until the middle of September 1918 when the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)/pUopA9NE">Battle of Megiddo</a> began.
During the winter of 1917/1918, the considerable territorial gains by the EEF as a consequence of victories at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Mughar_Ridge/FBR9YrIQ">Battle of Mughar Ridge</a> in November and the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Jerusalem/84AkTVhk">Battle of Jerusalem</a> in December, from the <a href="/facts/Gaza_City/4mmNgFq6">Gaza</a>–<a href="/facts/Beersheba/dKXzMLaC">Beersheba</a> line to the <a href="/facts/Jaffa/BFjHzofX">Jaffa</a>–<a href="/facts/Jerusalem/PKJ8LT0Y">Jerusalem</a> line, were consolidated. The front line was adjusted in February 1918 when the right flank of the Jaffa–Jerusalem line was secured by the capture of land to the east of Jerusalem and down into the <a href="/facts/Jordan_Valley_(Middle_East)/PVWTEdYb">Jordan Valley</a> to Jericho and the <a href="/facts/Dead_Sea/X2hgGG0w">Dead Sea</a>. The <a href="/facts/Capture_of_Jericho_(1918)/bH3rH0eA">Capture of Jericho</a> was also a necessary precursor, along with the <a href="/facts/Action_of_Tell_%2527Asur/MzUl7e3n">action of Tell 'Asur</a>, and advances by <a href="/facts/Edmund_Allenby%2c_1st_Viscount_Allenby/WTaRQ94M">Allenby</a>'s force across the Jordan River and into the hills of Moab towards <a href="/facts/Salt%2c_Jordan/ErbqYl1W">Es Salt</a> and <a href="/facts/Amman/eGCyJk1L">Amman</a>.
In March, after several unsuccessful attempts by a <a href="/facts/British_Empire/hrsz0j7A">British Empire</a> force of Australian, British and New Zealand swimmers, the first Transjordan attack began with the passage of the Jordan River. The swimmers eventually got lines across the fast-flowing river while under fire from <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman</a> forces on the east bank, and pontoon bridges were quickly constructed so that infantry and New Zealand mounted troops could cross the river to attack Ottoman defenders on the east bank where a <a href="/facts/Bridgehead/uudHQ8N6">bridgehead</a> was eventually established. Subsequently, <a href="/facts/John_Shea_(Indian_Army_officer)/6KySz1Q8">John Shea</a>'s force of infantry and mounted troops crossed the river and advanced eastwards across the high country; the central column of infantry moving along the main road quickly captured the Ottoman position at Shunet Nimrin on rising ground from the Jordan Valley and the town of Es Salt high in the hills.
Meanwhile, the mounted columns continued marching to the north and south of the infantry column on to Amman 30 miles (48 km) east of Jericho on the high plateau. Their objective was to effectively cut the main supply line to the north and south of Amman by destroying long sections of the <a href="/facts/Hejaz_Railway/WBvuWVrI">Hejaz Railway</a>, including tunnels and the <a href="/facts/Ten_Arches_Bridge/5u2mt0sF">Ten Arches Bridge</a> over which the railway travelled near the town. Amman was strongly defended by the <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Army/M1aX9Q3a">Ottoman Army</a> and the blown up sections of the railway were quickly replaced to allow reinforcements to continue to arrive and strengthen the defenders. British Empire infantry and artillery reinforcements were also sent forward from Es Salt, both of which took considerable time to cover the difficult and unfriendly terrain. Although the combined force of infantry and mounted troops made a determined attack on Amman, Shea was forced to retreat to the Jordan Valley from both Amman and Es Salt when it became clear the defenders were too strong, making it extremely difficult, if not impossible to achieve the operation's objective. The only territorial gains following the offensive were the establishment of bridgeheads on the eastern side of the river.

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First Battle of the Jordan