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Grazing incidence diffraction
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<p>Grazing incidence diffraction (GID) is a technique for interrogating a material using small <a href="/facts/Angle_of_incidence_(optics)/DTaCjhTU">incidence angles</a> for an incoming wave, often leading to the <a href="/facts/Diffraction/Mk80xXHT">diffraction</a> being surface sensitive. It occurs in many different areas: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Reflection_high-energy_electron_diffraction/hbrM6RRc">Reflection high-energy electron diffraction</a> (RHEED), where electrons of relatively high energy diffract at small angles from a surface. RHEED is used to interrogate surface structure.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Surface_X-ray_Diffraction_(SXRD)/1szwap7F">Surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD)</a>, which is similar to <a href="/facts/RHEED/hbrM6RRc">RHEED</a> but uses X-rays, and is also used to interrogate surface structure.</li> <li><a href="/facts/X-ray_standing_waves/RQvVJ3Na">X-ray standing waves</a>, another X-ray variant where the intensity decay into a sample from diffraction is used to analyze chemistry.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Grazing-incidence_small-angle_scattering/1HCE5Bdv">Grazing-incidence small-angle scattering</a> (GISAS) a hybrid approach using small scattering (diffraction) angles with X-rays or neutrons.</li> <li><a href="/facts/X-ray_reflectivity/CGk7tUHT">X-ray reflectivity</a>, yet another related technique, but here the intensity of the specular reflected beam is measured.</li> <li>Grazing incidence atom scattering, where the fact that atoms (and ions) can also be waves is used to diffract from surfaces.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Quantum_reflection/1MHIUjw1">Quantum reflection</a>, where very low kinetic energy atoms or molecules are diffracted (reflected) from surfaces.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Evanescent_wave/svCyRKr7">Evanescent waves</a>, which occur with all of the above and also photons where there is no flow of energy into the material.</li></ul> <p>More details and citations on these can be found in the links provided above. </p>