Sponge isolates

Lacking an <a href="/facts/Immune_system/HRCTf1pb">immune system</a>, protective shell, or mobility, <a href="/facts/Sponge/E9T2WFWA">sponges</a> have developed an ability to synthesize a variety of unusual compounds for survival. C-<a href="/facts/Nucleoside/G40crf0F">nucleosides</a> isolated from Caribbean <a href="/facts/Cryptotethya_crypta/almRbls9">Cryptotethya crypta</a>, were the basis for the synthesis of <a href="/facts/Zidovudine/8fBluxK3">zidovudine</a> (AZT), <a href="/facts/Aciclovir/TY5o1mYT">aciclovir</a> (Cyclovir), <a href="/facts/Cytarabine/9vfbHUMf">cytarabine</a> (Depocyt), and cytarabine derivative <a href="/facts/Gemcitabine/PTFS54zl">gemcitabine</a> (Gemzar).

<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Isolate</th><th scope="col">Source</th><th scope="col">Researched activity / Chemical description</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/3-Alkylpyridinium/7vzYkMAM">3-Alkylpyridinium (3-AP)</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Haplosclerida/RDuSb547">Haplosclerida</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hemolytic/1WpVYHkP">hemolytic</a> and <a href="/facts/Cytotoxic/SQuTTLoL">cytotoxic</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Agosterol_A/PTk0yzhn">Agosterol A</a></th><td></td><td>anticancer</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Aplyzanzine_A/F8oNLzum">Aplyzanzine A</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Aplysina/kcD3YNzY">Aplysina</a> sp.</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Avarol</th><td>Dysidea avara</td><td>antitumor, antimicrobial and antiviral effects</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Aciculitin/AlzHRgMy">Aciculitin</a></th><td>Aciculites ciliate</td><td>antifungal cyclic peptide</td></tr><tr><th>Discodermin</th><td>Discodermia kiiensis</td><td>antimicrobial tetradecapeptide</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Dysidenin/sHwYrktJ">Dysidenin</a></th><td>Lamellodysidea herbacea</td><td>Highly toxic</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Girolline/BkARxW3y">Girolline</a></th><td>Girolline</td><td>inhibits protein synthesis</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Halichondrin_B/eXSbT0sV">Halichondrin B</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Halichondria/eezLLN8T">Halichondria</a> okadai Kadota (<a href="/facts/Miura_Peninsula/mmUss7pp">Miura Peninsula</a>)</td><td>precursor to <a href="/facts/Eribulin/owbT5ncW">eribulin</a> (Halaven)<a href="https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm233863.htm">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Halicylindramide/njx9QntD">Halicylindramide</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Halichondria/eezLLN8T">Halichondria</a></td><td>antifungal peptide</td></tr><tr><th>Hymenamides</th><td>Phakellia fusca</td><td>proline-containing cyclopeptide</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Hymenistatin/b3dAkGjn">Hymenistatin</a></th><td>Phakellia fusca</td><td>bio-active proline-containing cyclopeptide</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Hyrtinadine_A/pq8wruKR">Hyrtinadine A</a></th><td>Hyrtios</td><td>bio-active bis-indole alkaloid</td></tr><tr><th>Manzamines</th><td>various sponge species</td><td>bio-active <a href="/facts/%25CE%2592-carboline/zxgeBzgf">β-carbolines</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Mirabamide/k6F7TpAP">Mirabamide</a></th><td>Siliquariaspongia mirabilis</td><td>antiviral depsipeptide</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Neamphamide_A/UTfT2FaG">Neamphamide A</a></th><td>Neamphius huxleyi</td><td>antiviral depsipeptide</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Onnamide_A/zJFCkgLV">Onnamide A</a></th><td>Theonella swinhoei</td><td>cytotoxic, inhibits protein synthesis</td></tr><tr><th>Peloruside A</th><td><a href="/facts/Mycale_(sponge)/eR5405Ra">Mycale sp.</a> (New Zealand)</td><td>cytotoxic / structurally similar to <a href="/facts/Bryostatin/oDS0mtS5">bryostatin</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Phakellistatin_13/HoCahfT5">Phakellistatins</a></th><td>Phakellia fusca</td><td>proline-containing cyclopeptides</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Phoriospongin/KnuzGJG9">Phoriospongin</a></th><td>Phoriospongia and Callyspongia bilamellata</td><td>nematocidal compound</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Plakevulin_A/ee9JqIvI">Plakevulin A</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Plakortis/wpyKT6ga">Plakortis</a></td><td>DNA polymerase inhibitor</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Plakoridine_A/jtjJJIrn">Plakoridine A</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Plakortis/wpyKT6ga">Plakortis</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Polydiscamide_B/NqJPzsd7">Polydiscamide B</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Ircinia/3aN6PPK8">Ircinia</a></td><td>the first example of a nonendogenous human SNSR (human sensory neuron-specific G protein couple receptor) agonist</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Ptilomycalin_A/PaD8vBH7">Ptilomycalin A</a></th><td>Monanchora arbuscula</td><td>antifungal spirocyclic guanidine alkaloid / laccase and melanization inhibitor</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Sceptrin/uIfzEReX">Sceptrin</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Agelas_conifera/xt35N2q9">Agelas conifera</a></td><td>Antibiotic</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Suberedamine/fWbCoEno">Suberedamine</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Suberea/opXlYwPr">Suberea</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Theonellamide_F/WCN4HcD9">Theonellamide F</a></th><td>Theonella</td><td>antimicrobial/antifungal cytotoxic bicyclic dodecapeptide</td></tr><tr><th>Topsentolides</th><td><a href="/facts/Topsentia/joKnuVh4">Topsentia</a></td><td>cytotoxic <a href="/facts/Oxylipin/VXzDp7bG">oxylipins</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Xestoquinone/uCsPWNjX">Xestoquinone</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Xestospongia/ldyLaH0j">Xestospongia</a></td><td>Antimalarial, antifungal, and cytotoxic</td></tr></tbody></table>
Semisynthetic analogs of the sponge isolate jasplakinolide, were submitted to <a href="/facts/National_Cancer_Institute/R4KbY7Pb">National Cancer Institute</a>’s Biological Evaluation Committee in 2011.

Sponge isolates open-in-new

Sponge isolates