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Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
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<p>During the <a href="/facts/High_Middle_Ages/uPRGYdE6">High Middle Ages</a>, the <a href="/facts/Islamic_world/n9vVGogr">Islamic world</a> was an important contributor to the global cultural scene, <a href="/facts/Diffusion_of_innovations/8UEwoDV3">innovating and supplying information and ideas</a> to <a href="/facts/Medieval_Europe/RqzEKB9v">Europe</a>, via <a href="/facts/Al-Andalus/JTNmWTzP">Al-Andalus</a>, <a href="/facts/Emirate_of_Sicily/mlBDEbbM">Sicily</a> and the <a href="/facts/Crusader_kingdoms/xCooE9pA">Crusader kingdoms</a> in the <a href="/facts/Levant/uuJLt3Af">Levant</a>. These included <a href="/facts/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century/cd1jRx5z">Latin translations</a> of <a href="/facts/Transmission_of_the_Greek_Classics/M4qb2E8x">the Greek Classics</a> and of Arabic texts in <a href="/facts/Islamic_astronomy/hw8HxDHz">astronomy</a>, <a href="/facts/Islamic_mathematics/TACUEnlp">mathematics</a>, <a href="/facts/Islamic_science/ajn0zRSc">science</a>, and <a href="/facts/Islamic_medicine/svhFmaDr">medicine</a>. Translation of Arabic philosophical texts into Latin "led to the transformation of almost all philosophical disciplines in the medieval Latin world", with a particularly strong influence of Muslim philosophers being felt in natural philosophy, psychology and metaphysics. Other contributions included technological and scientific innovations via the <a href="/facts/Silk_Road/TLBryY39">Silk Road</a>, including <a href="/facts/List_of_Chinese_inventions/UCKUpovB">Chinese inventions</a> such as <a href="/facts/History_of_paper/o4E3vjN6">paper</a>, <a href="/facts/Compass/86MaeFXu">compass</a> and <a href="/facts/History_of_gunpowder/LlDLQhsb">gunpowder</a>. </p><p>The Islamic world also influenced other aspects of medieval European culture, partly by <a href="/facts/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world/0RkuQHVL">original innovations</a> made during the <a href="/facts/Islamic_Golden_Age/yAeG2rBA">Islamic Golden Age</a>, including various fields such as the <a href="/facts/Islamic_art/DvrvCYuK">arts</a>, <a href="/facts/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution/fyzPl7cJ">agriculture</a>, <a href="/facts/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_medieval_Islam/NgsIdELq">alchemy</a>, <a href="/facts/Arab_music/NAQF8pny">music</a>, <a href="/facts/Islamic_pottery/nbNFbWII">pottery</a>, etc. </p><p>Many <a href="/facts/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages/k8tDTwM4">Arabic loanwords</a> in Western European languages, including English, mostly via Old French, date from this period. This includes <a href="/facts/List_of_Arabic_star_names/gwjonplv">traditional star names</a> such as <a href="/facts/Aldebaran/PPa2xB93">Aldebaran</a>, scientific terms like <i>alchemy</i> (whence also <i>chemistry</i>), <i>algebra</i>, <i>algorithm</i>, etc. and names of commodities such as <i>sugar</i>, <i>camphor</i>, <i>cotton</i>, <i>coffee</i>, etc. </p>