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APOS Theory
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<p>In <a href="/facts/Mathematics_education/6hXltmmF">mathematics education</a>, APOS Theory is a framework of how mathematical concepts are learned. APOS Theory was developed by Ed Dubinsky and others and is based on <a href="/facts/Jean_Piaget/gQQBtbCU">Jean Piaget</a>'s notion of <a href="/facts/Reflective_abstraction/2BfVnk1s">reflective abstraction</a>. APOS stands for Actions, Processes, Objects, Schemas, the four main mental structures involved in the theory. APOS Theory takes a <a href="/facts/Constructivism_(philosophy_of_education)/AGBx90xm">constructivist</a> view towards mathematical learning. Implementations of APOS Theory in classrooms typically use the ACE Teaching Cycle, a pedagogical strategy with three chronological components: activities, classroom discussion, and exercises. Implementations also often use mathematical <a href="/facts/Programming_language/cWTYbgWa">programming languages</a>, most commonly <a href="/facts/ISETL/VF8l7bME">ISETL</a>. </p>