HIV/AIDS

The <a href="/facts/HIV/ulY2rgzu">human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)</a> is a <a href="/facts/Retrovirus/GWAx3C3o">retrovirus</a> that attacks the <a href="/facts/Immune_system/HRCTf1pb">immune system</a>. Without treatment, it can lead to a spectrum of conditions including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is a <a href="/facts/Preventive_healthcare/pWGlacXu">preventable disease</a>. It can be managed with treatment and become a manageable chronic health condition. While there is no <a href="/facts/Cure/e3pR0HnH">cure</a> or <a href="/facts/Vaccine/QcXzLug2">vaccine</a> for HIV, <a href="/facts/Management_of_HIV%2fAIDS/q6KaJl8d">antiretroviral treatment</a> can slow the course of the disease, and if used before significant disease progression, can extend the <a href="/facts/Life_expectancy/uPc8bWWW">life expectancy</a> of someone living with HIV to a nearly standard level. An HIV-positive person on treatment can expect to live a normal life, and die with the virus, not of it. Effective treatment for <a href="/facts/HIV-positive_people/s13BpKuD">HIV-positive people</a> (people living with HIV) involves a life-long regimen of medicine to suppress the virus, making the <a href="/facts/Viral_load/LlVK5jfY">viral load</a> undetectable. 
Treatment is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made. An HIV-positive person who has an undetectable viral load as a result of long-term treatment has effectively no risk of transmitting HIV sexually. Campaigns by <a href="/facts/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV%2fAIDS/nxCc81gV">UNAIDS</a> and organizations around the world have communicated this as <a href="/facts/Undetectable_%253D_Untransmittable/g3dfCztV">Undetectable = Untransmittable</a>. Without treatment the infection can interfere with the <a href="/facts/Immune_system/HRCTf1pb">immune system</a>, and eventually progress to AIDS, sometimes taking many years. Following initial infection an individual may not notice any symptoms, or may experience a brief period of <a href="/facts/Influenza-like_illness/4GsM3d6r">influenza-like illness</a>. During this period the person may not know that they are HIV-positive, yet they will be able to pass on the virus. Typically, this period is followed by a prolonged incubation period with no symptoms. Eventually the HIV infection increases the risk of developing other infections such as <a href="/facts/Tuberculosis/ggPyovAl">tuberculosis</a>, as well as other <a href="/facts/Opportunistic_infection/d6ndMynw">opportunistic infections</a>, and <a href="/facts/Tumors/K0ytzmPz">tumors</a> which are rare in people who have normal immune function. The late stage is often also associated with <a href="/facts/Cachexia/S8wYz0mm">unintended weight loss</a>. Without treatment a person living with HIV can expect to live for 11 years. Early <a href="/facts/HIV_testing/dwqY3ber">testing</a> can show if treatment is needed to stop this progression and to prevent infecting others.
HIV is spread primarily by <a href="/facts/Unprotected_sex/X9N4rvqA">unprotected sex</a> (including <a href="/facts/Anal_sex/sWRpk95W">anal</a>, <a href="/facts/Oral_sex/QG6XzNkY">oral</a> and <a href="/facts/Vaginal_sex/okjwpVnB">vaginal sex</a>), contaminated <a href="/facts/Hypodermic_needle/EJEUNyRK">hypodermic needles</a> or <a href="/facts/Blood_transfusion/fb0Mk6Dx">blood transfusions</a>, and <a href="/facts/Vertically_transmitted_infection/vQsupcXl">from mother to child</a> during <a href="/facts/HIV_and_pregnancy/UvPYNB5M">pregnancy</a>, delivery, or breastfeeding. Some bodily fluids, such as saliva, sweat, and tears, do not transmit the virus. <a href="/facts/Oral_sex/QG6XzNkY">Oral sex</a> has little risk of transmitting the virus. Ways to avoid catching HIV and <a href="/facts/Preventive_healthcare/pWGlacXu">preventing the spread</a> include <a href="/facts/Safe_sex/X9N4rvqA">safe sex</a>, treatment to prevent infection ("<a href="/facts/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis/UCIPsJp9">PrEP</a>"), treatment to stop infection in someone who has been recently exposed ("<a href="/facts/Post-exposure_prophylaxis/H7pxk084">PEP</a>"), <a href="/facts/Treatment_as_prevention/XT9hYglz">treating those who are infected</a>, and <a href="/facts/Needle_exchange_program/38cjoqho">needle exchange programs</a>. Disease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child <a href="/facts/Management_of_HIV%2fAIDS/q6KaJl8d">antiretroviral medication</a>.
Recognized worldwide in the early 1980s, HIV/AIDS has had a large impact on society, both as an illness and as a source of <a href="/facts/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV%2fAIDS/3mxkw6Wc">discrimination</a>. The disease also has large <a href="/facts/Economic_impact_of_HIV%2fAIDS/cJyMlpXA">economic impacts</a>. There are many <a href="/facts/Misconceptions_about_HIV%2fAIDS/Nrd8NhTV">misconceptions about HIV/AIDS</a>, such as the belief that it can be transmitted by casual non-sexual contact. The disease has become subject to many <a href="/facts/Religion_and_HIV%2fAIDS/pR69K8ql">controversies involving religion</a>, including the <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church_and_HIV%2fAIDS/DRKvRvzQ">Catholic Church's position</a> not to support <a href="/facts/Condom/A39P32AV">condom</a> use as prevention. It has attracted international medical and political attention as well as large-scale funding since it was identified in the 1980s.
HIV made the jump from other primates to humans in west-central Africa in the early-to-mid-20th century. AIDS was <a href="/facts/History_of_HIV%2fAIDS/NFknJcB7">first recognized</a> by the U.S. <a href="/facts/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention/NmoJNDV5">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) in 1981 and its cause—HIV infection—was identified in the early part of the decade. Between the first time AIDS was readily identified through 2024, the disease is estimated to have caused at least 42.3 million deaths worldwide. In 2023, 630,000 people died from HIV-related causes, an estimated 1.3 million people acquired HIV and about 39.9 million people worldwide living with HIV, 65% of whom are in the <a href="/facts/World_Health_Organization/YNN3bgug">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) <a href="/facts/Africa/XkqQUP9s">African</a> Region. HIV/AIDS is considered a <a href="/facts/Pandemic/KaJe9rTu">pandemic</a>—a disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading. The United States' National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the <a href="/facts/Gates_Foundation/IW7prjCH">Gates Foundation</a> have pledged $200 million focused on developing a global cure for AIDS.

HIV/AIDS open-in-new

HIV/AIDS