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Tempo and Mode in Evolution
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<p> <i>Tempo and Mode in Evolution</i> (1944) was <a href="/facts/George_Gaylord_Simpson/T159FrGC">George Gaylord Simpson's</a> seminal contribution to the <a href="/facts/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)/anJdPq34">evolutionary synthesis</a>, which integrated the facts of paleontology with those of <a href="/facts/Genetics/bu8wne0A">genetics</a> and <a href="/facts/Natural_selection/JXTte6en">natural selection</a>. </p><p>Simpson argued that the <a href="/facts/Microevolution/Xwkz6zCf">microevolution</a> of <a href="/facts/Population_genetics/v55qAnKu">population genetics</a> was sufficient in itself to explain the patterns of <a href="/facts/Macroevolution/Hsvn5aUe">macroevolution</a> observed by <a href="/facts/Paleontology/60n5yldd">paleontology</a>. Simpson also highlighted the distinction between tempo and mode. "Tempo" encompasses "evolutionary rates … their acceleration and deceleration, the conditions of exceptionally slow or rapid evolutions, and phenomena suggestive of inertia and momentum," while "mode" embraces "the study of the way, manner, or pattern of evolution, a study in which tempo is a basic factor, but which embraces considerably more than tempo." </p><p>Simpson's <i>Tempo and Mode</i> attempted to draw out several distinct generalizations: </p> <ul><li>Evolution's tempo can impart information about its mode.</li> <li>Multiple tempos can be found in the fossil record: horotelic (medium tempo), bradytelic (slow tempo), and tachytelic (rapid tempo).</li> <li>The facts of paleontology are consistent with the <a href="/facts/Neo-Darwinism/CPk8opGV">genetical theory of natural selection</a>. Moreover, theories such as <a href="/facts/Orthogenesis/TKjwUPmA">orthogenesis</a>, <a href="/facts/Lamarckism/5bwVUmP8">Lamarckism</a>, mutation pressures, and <a href="/facts/Saltation_(biology)/A0E7ywxd">macromutations</a> either are false or play little to no role.</li> <li>Most evolution—"nine-tenths"—occurs by the steady phyletic transformation of whole lineages (<a href="/facts/Anagenesis/DL3XXlnW">anagenesis</a>). This contrasts with <a href="/facts/Ernst_Mayr/GFajn2Tp">Ernst Mayr's</a> interpretation of speciation by splitting, particularly <a href="/facts/Allopatric_speciation/H6K8mSDf">allopatric</a> and <a href="/facts/Peripatric_speciation/QHcBA2Rc">peripatric</a> speciation.</li> <li>The lack of evidence for evolutionary transitions in the fossil record is best accounted for, first, by the poorness of the geological record, and, second, as a consequence of <a href="/facts/Quantum_evolution/LdPlmTyH">quantum evolution</a> (which is responsible for "the origin of taxonomic units of relatively high rank, such as families, orders, and classes"). Quantum evolution built upon <a href="/facts/Sewall_Wright/XTKGQujq">Sewall Wright's</a> theory of <a href="/facts/Genetic_drift/lvoEEctX">random genetic drift</a>.</li></ul> <p><i>Tempo and Mode</i> earned Simpson the <a href="/facts/Daniel_Giraud_Elliot_Medal/xPYQ11Vp">Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal</a> from the <a href="/facts/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences/M3oePVeG">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1944. Fifty years after its publication, the <a href="/facts/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences/M3oePVeG">National Academy of Sciences</a> commissioned a book entitled <i>Tempo and Mode in Evolution: Genetics and Paleontology 50 Years After Simpson</i> edited by <a href="/facts/Walter_M._Fitch/x6dml8eh">Walter M. Fitch</a> and <a href="/facts/Francisco_J._Ayala/J1YpW9yy">Francisco J. Ayala</a>. It includes contributions by Ayala, <a href="/facts/Stephen_Jay_Gould/FtAcabjg">Stephen Jay Gould</a>, and <a href="/facts/W._Ford_Doolittle/kkqeAkVK">W. Ford Doolittle</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Niles_Eldredge/xzpNf8Rr">Eldredge, N.</a> (1995) <i>Reinventing Darwin</i>. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 20–26.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Walter_M._Fitch/x6dml8eh">Fitch, W. M.</a> and <a href="/facts/Francisco_J._Ayala/J1YpW9yy">F. J. Ayala</a> (1995) <i><a href="http://www.nap.edu/books/0309051916/html/">Tempo and Mode in Evolution: Genetics and Paleontology 50 Years After Simpson</a></i>. New York: National Academies Press.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Stephen_Jay_Gould/FtAcabjg">Gould, S. J.</a> (1980) "G. G. Simpson, Paleontology and the Modern Synthesis." In <a href="/facts/Ernst_Mayr/GFajn2Tp">E. Mayr</a> and <a href="/facts/Will_Provine/lfpf79bW">W. B. Provine</a>, eds., <i>The Evolutionary Synthesis</i>. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 153–172.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Stephen_Jay_Gould/FtAcabjg">Gould, S. J.</a> (1983) "The hardening of the Modern Synthesis". In Marjorie Grene, ed., <i>Dimensions of Darwinism</i>. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 71–93.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Stephen_Jay_Gould/FtAcabjg">Gould, S. J.</a> (1994) <a href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/91/15/6764.pdf">"Tempo and mode in the macroevolutionary reconstruction on Darwinism"</a> <i>PNAS USA</i> 91(15):6764-71.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Stephen_Jay_Gould/FtAcabjg">Gould, S. J.</a> (2002) <i><a href="/facts/The_Structure_of_Evolutionary_Theory/3qBVflAM">The Structure of Evolutionary Theory</a></i>. Cambridge MA: Belknap Press. pp. 529–31.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ernst_Mayr/GFajn2Tp">Mayr, E.</a> (1976) <i>Evolution and the Diversity of Life</i>. Cambridge MA: Belknap Press. p. 206.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ernst_Mayr/GFajn2Tp">Mayr, E.</a> (1982) <i><a href="/facts/The_Growth_of_Biological_Thought/RJ6rwoP2">The Growth of Biological Thought</a></i>. Cambridge MA: Belknap Press. pp. 555, 609–10.</li> <li><a href="/facts/George_Gaylord_Simpson/T159FrGC">Simpson, G. G.</a> (1944) <i>Tempo and Mode in Evolution</i>. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.</li></ul>