Open-source hardware

Open-source hardware (OSH, OSHW) consists of physical <a href="/facts/Artifact_(software_development)/Y0osnVU0">artifacts</a> of technology designed and offered by the <a href="/facts/Open-design_movement/dlhnogIs">open-design movement</a>. Both <a href="/facts/Free_and_open-source_software/1cHtjLCB">free and open-source software</a> (FOSS) and open-source hardware are created by this <a href="/facts/Open-source/7X9rCdz4">open-source culture</a> movement and apply a like concept to a variety of components. It is sometimes, thus, referred to as free and open-source hardware (FOSH), meaning that the design is easily available ("open") and that it can be used, modified and shared freely ("free"). The term usually means that information about the hardware is easily discerned so that others can make it – coupling it closely to the <a href="/facts/Maker_culture/7mDNYpU3">maker movement</a>. Hardware design (i.e. mechanical drawings, <a href="/facts/Circuit_diagram/Vqk3udN0">schematics</a>, <a href="/facts/Bills_of_material/cFFW9fga">bills of material</a>, <a href="/facts/Printed_circuit_board/muSR2p43">PCB</a> layout data, <a href="/facts/Hardware_description_language/g19KvKCu">HDL</a> source code and <a href="/facts/Integrated_circuit/fjn6vg7C">integrated circuit</a> layout data), in addition to the software that <a href="/facts/Device_driver/rDYnHU1G">drives</a> the hardware, are all released under free/<a href="/facts/Libre_content/jHYHARSN">libre</a> terms. The original sharer gains feedback and potentially improvements on the design from the FOSH community. There is now significant evidence that such sharing can drive a high <a href="/facts/Return_on_investment/M8qYt4Yf">return on investment</a> for the scientific community.
It is not enough to merely use an <a href="/facts/Open-source_license/FlFTwHmd">open-source license</a>; an open source product or project will follow open source principles, such as <a href="/facts/Modular_design/uRrYMyqp">modular design</a> and <a href="/facts/Social_collaboration/V15awV6I">community collaboration</a>.
Since the rise of reconfigurable <a href="/facts/Programmable_logic_device/7dIVypm9">programmable logic devices</a>, sharing of logic designs has been a form of open-source hardware. Instead of the schematics, <a href="/facts/Hardware_description_language/g19KvKCu">hardware description language</a> (HDL) code is shared. HDL descriptions are commonly used to set up <a href="/facts/System-on-a-chip/1RVvVe6N">system-on-a-chip</a> systems either in <a href="/facts/Field-programmable_gate_array/M8LSGcAU">field-programmable gate arrays</a> (FPGA) or directly in <a href="/facts/Application-specific_integrated_circuit/YGUXpX50">application-specific integrated circuit</a> (ASIC) designs. HDL modules, when distributed, are called <a href="/facts/Semiconductor_intellectual_property_core/yx66l6wL">semiconductor intellectual property cores</a>, also known as IP cores.
Open-source hardware also helps alleviate the issue of <a href="/facts/Proprietary_device_driver/MQPltF0B">proprietary device drivers</a> for the free and open-source software community, however, it is not a pre-requisite for it, and should not be confused with the concept of open documentation for proprietary hardware, which is already sufficient for writing FLOSS device drivers and complete operating systems.
The difference between the two concepts is that OSH includes both the instructions on how to replicate the hardware itself as well as the information on communication protocols that the software (usually in the form of <a href="/facts/Device_driver/rDYnHU1G">device drivers</a>) must use in order to communicate with the hardware (often called register documentation, or open documentation for hardware), whereas open-source-friendly proprietary hardware would only include the latter without including the former.

Open-source hardware open-in-new

Open-source hardware