Inflammation

Inflammation is part of the biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as <a href="/facts/Pathogen/axMXtV1M">pathogens</a>, damaged cells, or <a href="/facts/Irritation/vGtMyXUR">irritants</a>. The five <a href="/facts/Cardinal_signs/BzP6MrTN">cardinal signs</a> are heat, pain, redness, swelling, and <a href="/facts/Functio_laesa/rAFcp471">loss of function</a> (Latin calor, dolor, rubor, tumor, and functio laesa).
Inflammation is a generic response, and therefore is considered a mechanism of <a href="/facts/Innate_immune_system/lz4BpSQI">innate immunity</a>, whereas <a href="/facts/Adaptive_immune_system/bc7zT1Jo">adaptive immunity</a> is specific to each pathogen.
Inflammation is a protective response involving <a href="/facts/Immune_cells/vsDunUK0">immune cells</a>, <a href="/facts/Blood_vessel/FG3GjPNW">blood vessels</a>, and molecular mediators. The function of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out damaged cells and tissues, and initiate tissue repair. Too little inflammation could lead to progressive tissue destruction by the harmful stimulus (e.g. bacteria) and compromise the survival of the organism. However inflammation can also have negative effects. Too much inflammation, in the form of chronic inflammation, is associated with various diseases, such as <a href="/facts/Hay_fever/ukE6bkIs">hay fever</a>, <a href="/facts/Periodontal_disease/LFnGqDB5">periodontal disease</a>, <a href="/facts/Atherosclerosis/WIS8QQ6v">atherosclerosis</a>, and <a href="/facts/Osteoarthritis/Iy1wDA1B">osteoarthritis</a>.
Inflammation can be classified as acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is the initial response of the body to harmful stimuli, and is achieved by the increased movement of <a href="/facts/Blood_plasma/oHuwwugG">plasma</a> and <a href="/facts/Leukocyte/vsDunUK0">leukocytes</a> (in particular <a href="/facts/Granulocyte/zsE3ldLb">granulocytes</a>) from the blood into the injured tissues. A series of biochemical events propagates and matures the inflammatory response, involving the local <a href="/facts/Vascular_system/WXwudzzc">vascular system</a>, the <a href="/facts/Immune_system/HRCTf1pb">immune system</a>, and various cells in the injured tissue. Prolonged inflammation, known as chronic inflammation, leads to a progressive shift in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation, such as <a href="/facts/Mononuclear_cell_infiltration/UNsRkKKK">mononuclear cells</a>, and involves simultaneous destruction and <a href="/facts/Healing/trT6GINy">healing</a> of the tissue.
Inflammation has also been classified as Type 1 and Type 2 based on the type of <a href="/facts/Cytokines/SdWpWABH">cytokines</a> and <a href="/facts/Helper_T_cells/nhwAYkDj">helper T cells</a> (Th1 and Th2) involved.

Inflammation open-in-new

Inflammation