Public research and development

<p>Public research and development (Public R&D) refers to the <a href="/facts/R%2526D/2h5UddUu">R&D</a> activities related to <a href="/facts/Public_sector/bV8gdzPu">public sectors</a>, including governments, colleges and non-profit organizations. Public R&D include academic fundamental research, applied research and R&D grants and contracts to private sectors, where later two are known as 'R&D subsidy'. Public R&D could be understood as a funder or a performer of an R&D activity. According to <a href="/facts/National_Science_Foundation/FlDT8TbW">National Science Foundation</a> in U.S., in 2015, R&D expenditures performed by federal governments, local governments, colleges and non-profit organizations are 54, 0.6, 64, and 20 billions of dollars, respectively. Meanwhile, industries perform R&D expenditures of 356 billion dollars. Moreover, R&D expenditures funded by federal governments, local governments, colleges and non-profit organizations are 121, 4.3, 17, and 19 billions of dollars, respectively. R&D expenditures funded by industries are 333 billion dollars. In terms of R&D funders, public R&D to private R&D ratio is about 0.5.
</p><p><a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israel</a> is the world leader as a percentage of GDP in public spending in research and development, the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a> leads in total sums spent.
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Public research and development open-in-new

Public research and development