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<p> A thesis as a collection of articles or series of papers, also known as thesis by published works, or <i>article thesis</i>, is a <a href="/facts/Doctorate/hb3AGQ6A">doctoral</a> <a href="/facts/Dissertation/dYnTaYqQ">dissertation</a> that, as opposed to a coherent <a href="/facts/Monograph/o8VRGpVc">monograph</a>, is a collection of research papers with an introductory section consisting of summary chapters. Other less used terms are "sandwich thesis" and "stapler thesis". It is composed of already-published journal articles, conference papers and book chapters; and, occasionally, not-yet-published manuscripts. A <a href="/facts/Thesis/dYnTaYqQ">thesis</a> by publication is a form of compilation thesis (a term used in Nordic countries). Another form of compilation thesis is the essay thesis, which is composed of previously unpublished independent <a href="/facts/Essay/XBLChFK9">essays</a>. </p><p>Today, article theses are the standard format in natural, medical, and engineering sciences (e.g., in the <a href="/facts/Nordic_countries/uaqX7z81">Nordic countries</a>), while in social and cultural sciences, there is a strong but decreasing tradition to produce coherent monographs, i.e., thesis as a series of linked chapters. At other times, doctoral students may have a choice between writing a monograph or a compilation thesis. </p><p>The thesis by published works format is chosen in cases where the student intends to first publish the thesis in parts in international journals. It often results in a higher number of publications during doctoral studies than a monograph, and may render in a higher number of citations in other research publications – something that may be advantageous from research funding point of view and may facilitate readership appointment after the dissertation. A further reason for writing a compilation thesis is that some of the articles can be written together with other authors, which may be especially helpful for new doctoral students. A majority of the articles should be reviewed by referees outside of the student's own department, supplementing the audit carried out by the supervisory staff and dissertation opponent, thus assuring international standards. </p>